Zipembedzo kholo la Constantinople: mbiriyakale ndi tanthauzo la

Mwambo wopatulika limatiuza kuti St. Mtumwi Andrey Pervozvanny mu '38 woikidwa wophunzira dzina lake Staku bishopu ku mzinda Byzantium, malo amene mazana atatu anayambitsa Constantinople. M'masiku zimachokera mpingo, lotsogoledwa ndi zaka zambiri anali mbadwa, yemwe anali mutu wa Zazipembedzo.

Ufulu apamwamba pakati wao sunganyemeke

Mwa anyani khumi autocephalous alipo tsopano, mwachitsanzo ufulu m'dera Orthodox Churches, "ndi ulamuliro pa usinkhu" imatengedwa kuti ndi mkulu wa mabishopu wa Constantinople. Ichi ndi tanthauzo lake mbiri. Full mutu wa munthu atanyamula positi chofunika - Divine Holiness Bishopu wamkulu wa Constantinople - New Rome ndi Zazipembedzo wa mabishopu.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kupereka mutu wa Zazipembedzo kholo la Constantinople Akaki choyamba. Yodalirika uyu anali kusankha wachinayi (Chalcedon) Council Zazipembedzo unachitika mu 451, ndi kulimbitsa udindo wa atsogoleri a mpingo wa Constantinople Chatsopano Rome a Aepiskopi - kofunika kwambiri kwa anyani ya Mpingo wa Aroma.

Ngati poyamba, ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwa mokwanira okhwima ankamutsutsa ina mabwalo andale ndi achipembedzo, pofika cha m'ma lotsatira kunalimbikitsa udindo wa kholo kuti udindo wake weniweni mu njira ya zochitika boma ndi mpingo anakhala wamphamvu. Komabe, pomaliza anatsimikizira ndi zobiriwira ndipo zinali mutu.

Kholo lakale - kapolo wa iconoclast ndi

Mbiri ya Mpingo Byzantine amadziwa zambiri dzina mbadwa kalekale analowa, ndi pakati pa oyera canonized. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi St Nicephorus, kholo la Constantinople, amene anali mpando wa umutu ndi 806 ndi zina 815. chaka.

Mu ulamuliro wake unali wotchuka ndi kulimbana makamaka aukali anachita ndi mbali ya iconoclasm - lachipembedzo, kukana kulambira mafano ndi zithunzi zina zonse zopatulika. zinthu anali kulimbikitsa chifukwa chakuti mwa otsatira a kukuchititsa zimenezi zinali zambiri anthu otchuka, ndipo ngakhale mafumu ochepa.

Atate wa mabishopu Nicephorus, Mfumu Constantine V monga mlembi wa kufalitsa kulambira zithunzi wachotsedwa ntchito ndipo anathawira ku Asia Minor, kumene anakafa mu ukapolo. monga Nikifor yekha, pambuyo 813 chaka pa mpando wachifumu anamangidwira iconoclast mfumu Leo Chiameniya, iye anali kapolo wa ankadana naye zithunzi woyera, ndipo inatha masiku wake m'chaka cha 828 mkaidi mmodzi wa amonke lakutali. Chifukwa misonkhano yayikulu kwa Mpingo, ina canonized. Lero, kholo la Constantinople St Nicephorus adzalemekezedwa osati kunyumba komanso dziko lonse Orthodox.

Kholo lakale Photios - anazindikira mwa bambo mpingo

Kupitiriza nkhani ya oimira wotchuka kwambiri wa Orthodox wa Constantinople, sangathe kukumbukira otchuka Byzantine zaumulungu wa mabishopu Photios, amene anatsogolera gulu lake kwa 857 ndi 867 chaka. Pambuyo Ioanna Zlatousta ndi Grgoriya Bogoslova ndi wachitatu anazindikira bambo wa mpingo, amene ankachitika kamodzi kwa Constantinople.

kubadwa kwake, enieni tsiku osadziwika. Akukhulupirira kuti iye anadza ku dziko mu khumi zoyambirira za m'ma IX. Makolo ake anali olemera kwambiri ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ophunzira anthu, koma mu ulamuliro wa Teofilo - woopsa iconoclast -podverglis kupondereza ndi kupita ku ukapolo. Mu chomwecho iwo anafa.

Mabishopu Photios kulimbana ndi papa

Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu kutsatira Mfumu Michael III wamng'ono ndi, Photius anayamba ntchito yake wanzeru - woyamba monga mphunzitsi, ndiyeno pa ntchito yoyang'anira ndi achipembedzo. Mu 858, iye wagwira udindo waukulu mu ufumu wolowezana wa mpingo. Koma moyo chete iye sizinathandize. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a mabishopu, Fotiy Konstantinopolsky anali mu wandiweyani za nkhondo la zipani zosiyanasiyana za ndale ndi zipembedzo.

Mbali yaikulu zinthu ndi kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbana ndi Mpingo Western, kunachititsa kusiyana maganizo pa ulamuliro pa kum'mwera Italy ndi Bulgaria. The E nkhondo anali Papa. Kholo lakale Konstantinopolskiy Foty analankhula zotsutsa lakuthwa, amene anali anachotsedwa ndi papa wa mpingo. Safuna kukhala ndi ngongole, mabishopu, Photios komanso anathematized Goliyati.

Kuyambira anathema kuti canonization

Kenako, kale mu nthawi ya mfumu lotsatira, Basil Ine, Photios anali anthu a khoti zokhota. Mphamvu pa bwalo ali iye mbali ya mbali yotsutsana ndi andale, komanso kale kutsitsidwa mabishopu, Ignatius I. Chifukwa, Photios, kotero ofunitsitsa kumvetsa papa, anachotsedwa ku dipatimenti, anachotsedwa ndipo anamwalira mu ukapolo.

Patapita zaka pafupifupi zaka chikwi, mu 1847, pamene Kanyaniko wa mpingo wa Constantinople anali mabishopu, VI ya Anthimus, anathema kholo lakale opanduka chachotsedwa, ndi chifukwa cha zozizwitsa zambiri anachita ku nthumbi yace canonized. Komabe, dziko la Russia losadziwika mchitidwe kwa zifukwa zingapo, zimene zinachititsa kuti zokambirana pakati pa oimira ambiri a mipingo dziko Orthodox.

Malamulo kuchita zosavomerezeka kwa Russia

Tikumbukenso kuti Mpingo wa Aroma kwa zaka zambiri sanafune kuvomereza kuti Mpingo wa Constantinople ndi zofunika katatu. Bambo anasintha maganizo ake pokhapokha mu 1439 otchedwa mgwirizano yosainidwa pa Msonkhano wa Florence - pophatikizana pangano Catholic ndi Orthodox.

Zimenezi n'zimene anapereka kwa ulamuliro wapamwamba wa Papa, ndipo, pokhalabe mpingo kum'mawa kwa miyambo awo, kuvomereza ake a chiphunzitso cha Katolika. Sizachilendo pangano ngati chimatsutsana ndi zofunikira za hayala wa Russian Orthodox, anakanidwa ndi Moscow, ndipo wayika siginecha wake Metropolitan Isidor mosatsata ulemu.

Makolo akale Mkhristu mu boma la chisilamu

Pasanathe chaka chimodzi ndi hafu zaka zambiri. Mu 1453 Ufumu wa Byzantine anakomoka pozunzidwa mwankhanza a asilikali Turkey. Chachiwiri Rome anagwa, kutaya malo ake Moscow. Koma Turkey mu nkhani iyi asonyeza kulolerana zodabwitsa otentheka achipembedzo. Mangani nthambi zonse za mphamvu ya boma pa mfundo za Islam, iwo Komabe, analola kukhalapo mu dziko si Mkhristu dera lalikulu.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kholo la Constantinople, mpingo linasiiratu kukopa kwake ndale, anakhalabe Komabe, atsogoleri achipembedzo Mkhristu m'madera mwawo. Zizimva adavotera chachiwiri, iwo mosatsata chuma ndi pafupifupi ayi zofunika pamoyo, anakakamizika kulimbana ndi kufunika kwambiri. Mpaka kukhazikitsidwa mu 1589 wa mabishopu ku Russia, kholo la Constantinople anali mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, ndipo ndalama wopatsa wa Moscow akalonga analola kuti iye mwanjira apeze zosoŵa zawo.

Ndiyeno kholo la Constantinople ndi sanakhale ngongole. Iwo uli pa magombe a Bosphorus anali opatulidwira mutu woyamba Russian Tsar Ivan IV m'khutu, ndi mabishopu, Ierimiya II anadalitsa pa inalowa ku mpando wa woyamba Moscow Yobu. Ichi chinali chinthu chofunikira kwa chitukuko za dziko, amene anayika Russia pa ndime ndi maiko ena Orthodox.

kutchuka zosayembekezereka

Kwa zaka zoposa zitatu, mbadwa ya mpingo Constantinople ankaimba yekha ntchito wodzichepetsa mwa atsogoleri a magulu wachikhristu zili mkati amphamvu Ottoman chifukwa cha zotsatira za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse kuti si linathyoka. Mu moyo wa boma, zinthu zambiri zasintha, ndipo ngakhale likulu lake lakale Constantinople mu 1930 anadzatchedwa Istanbul.

Pa bwinja la mphamvu kamodzi wamphamvu Orthodox wa Constantinople yomweyo itakula. Kuyambira cha m'ma makumi Mu zaka zapitazo utsogoleri yake mwachangu ntchito zosiyana, monga mwa zimene kholo la Constantinople ayenera kuvekedwa ndi mphamvu yakuuka ndi kupeza ufulu osati kukhala ndi moyo achipembedzo lonse Orthodox kunja kwa Palestina, komanso kutenga mbali pothetsa mavuto a mkati mwa mipingo ina autocephalous. udindo uwu wabwera pansi moto mu dziko Orthodox ndipo anapatsidwa dzina lakuti "kum'mawa popery."

Judicial pempho la mabishopu,

Mukalowa mu 1923, Pangano la Lausanne mtchatho wa kugwa kwa Ottoman ndipo anakhazikitsa malire a mzere wa boma utangoyamba kumene. Iye analemba mutu wa Zazipembedzo kholo la Constantinople monga, koma boma la Turkey ndi mabwalo amakono akukana kuti azindikire. Kamakupatsani chilolezo yekha kuti kuzindikira za kholo la Orthodox m'dera Turkey.

Mu 2008, mkulu wa mabishopu wa Constantinople anakakamizika kumukopa kuti Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya ndi mlandu ndi boma la Turkey, mmodzi wa misappropriated m'misasa Orthodox pa Buyukada Island mu Nyanja Marmara. Mu July chaka chomwecho, pambuyo kupenda choncho, khoti akakwaniritsa pamtima, ndi Komanso mawu pa kuzindikira udindo wake malamulo. Tikumbukenso kuti aka kanali koyamba kuti Kanyaniko wa mpingo wa Constantinople yopita ku makhoti European.

Chikalata mu 2010

China chofunika chikalata zinthu zambiri anatsimikiza udindo watsopano wa mkulu wa mabishopu ku Constantinople, anali chigamulocho anatengera ndi Parliamentary Assembly mu January 2010, Bungwe la Europe. chikalata ichi amafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wachipembedzo wa anthu osakhala Asilamu ing'onoing'ono onse akukhala Turkey ndi kum'mawa Greece.

Chigamulocho omwewo otchedwa boma la Turkey kulemekeza mutu "Zazipembedzo" monga kholo la Constantinople, mndandanda umene umapita anthu kumbuyo ena ambiri, atavala pa maziko a malamulo zogwirizana malamulo.

The Kanyaniko watsopano wa Mpingo wa Constantinople

Bright ndi choyambirira umunthu ndi kholo la Constantinople Bartholomew Ine, kulamulira umene unakwaniritsidwa mu October 1991. dzina yake yolembedwa - Dimitrios Arhondonis. Greek ndi dziko, Iye anabadwa mu 1940 pa chisumbu cha Imbros wachokera ku Turkey. Kulandira onse sekondale ndi maphunziro Halki seminare, Dimitrios, pamene adali mu udindo wa dikoni, anali msilikali wa gulu la asilikali a ku Turkey.

Pambuyo demobilization iye akuyamba kukwera pamwamba pa chidziwitso zamulungu. Patatha zaka zisanu Arhondonis ophunzitsidwa ku mayunivesite a ku Italy, Switzerland ndi Germany, ndi chifukwa chimene izo zakhala dokotala wa zamulungu ndi lecturer ya Pontifical Gregory University.

Polyglot pa mpando wa mkulu wa mabishopu

Luso kuphunzira chidziwitso cha munthu uyu chabe phenomenal. Mu zaka zisanu akuphunzira iye katswiri German, French, English ndi Chitaliyana. Apa m'pofunika kuwonjezera chilankhulo chake Turkey ndi azamulungu - Latin. Nditabwerera ku Turkey, Dimitrios anapita mu magawo onse a olamulira a chipembedzo, pamene mu 1991 iye anasankhidwa Kanyaniko wa mpingo wa Constantinople.

"Green wa mabishopu"

M'munda wa zochitika padziko lonse opatulikitsa mabishopu, Bartholomew wa Constantinople anapeza kutchuka ngati womenya kwa kuteteza chilengedwe. Ku mbali iyi, iye anali kulinganiza angapo a maonekedwe lonse. , Imatchedwanso kuti mabishopu, wokhala mgwirizano yogwira angapo mabungwe zachilengedwe. Chifukwa opaleshoni onse woyera Bartholomew analandira zosavomerezeka mutu - "Green wa mabishopu".

Kholo lakale Bartholomew ali pafupi kugwirizana ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, imene analipira kudzacheza yomweyo atangoikidwa kukhala mfumu mu 1991. Mu njira ya zokambirana ndiye Constantinople Kanyaniko anasonyeza akuthandizani Mpingo Russian Orthodox wa Moscow Orthodox mu nkhondo zake ndi odzitcha okha ndi ku mfundo ovomerezeka a view, wapathengo Kyivan Orthodox. ojambula amenewa sanasiye mu zaka wotsatira.

Zipembedzo mabishopu, Bartholomew, Bishopu wamkulu wa Constantinople, nthawi zonse anali kusankha mfundo za nkhani zonse zofunika. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi ndi ntchito zake mu zotsatira mu 2004 pa onse Russian Anthu Council mtsutso pa kuzindikira udindo Moscow Chachitatu Rome imasonyeza makamaka achipembedzo ndi andale tanthauzo lake. Mu mawu ake, mabishopu, natsutsa lingaliro ili ngati untenable theologically ndi oopsa ndale.