Yowerengera katundu pa maziko. Chitsanzo mawerengedwe a katundu pa maziko

Maziko a ntchito iliyonse yaikulu yomanga ndi maziko ake. Mmene molondola icho chidzachitidwa zimadalira zimene kuchokera pomanga moyo nyumba utumiki. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyala maziko mu nyumba ndi chimodzi cha magawo zofunika kwambiri.

Maziko mosavuta kupirira akatundu onse anayembekezera, n'kofunika osati kuwayang'anira luso makongoletsedwe ake, komanso Pre-kuwerengera zochita zonse zotheka pa izo. Agwire mawerengedwe zolondola amaganizira zinthu zonse amakhala ndi chikoka pang'ono pa maziko, likhoza kukhala katswiri, amene ali naye pambuyo zambiri m'munda umenewu. Koma aliyense akhoza kupanga mawerengedwe kuyambirira kwa katundu okwana pa maziko, motero kumvetsa mmene akhale wa mphamvu, ndi kuthetsa ndalama zosafunika.

zofunika

Funso loyamba ndi, kodi muyenera kudziwa kuti bwino kuwerengera katundu pa maziko. Icho chiri motere:

• kamangidwe wonse wa nyumbayi, kutalika, ndiye chiwerengero cha mbewu, ulusi umene adzachitidwa ndi denga;
• mtundu nthaka, akuya pansi;
• kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga zinthu kumanga munthu;
• kumanga malo;
• mtengo wa malowedwe a maziko;
• kuya kwa yozizira koopsa nthaka;
• ndi makulidwe a wosanjikiza dothi kuti poyera katundu deformable.

Mfundozi n'kofunika kuganizira kanjedza kakang'ono zolondola kuwerengetsera.

chifukwa kuwerengetsa

Kodi amapereka mapulogalamu ndi mawerengedwe tsogolo la katundu pa maziko?

• Mfundo zolondola zidzatithandiza kupeza kwambiri abwino komanso otetezeka malo kumene inu mukhoza kumanga kukonza.
• Ngati inu kuwerengetsa izo, ndiye inu mosavuta kuteteza mapindikidwe a mpanda kapena la maziko, ndipo kuseri kwake ndi khoma lake.
• Yowerengera zingathandize kuletsa subsidence (kunatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba yonseyo).
• Mudzatha kudziwa m'mene mukufuna kugula zipangizo kuti ntchito yomanga. Nayonso kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama chonse.

Ngati mawerengedwe kumachitika molakwika kapena sabala konse, pangakhale ngati deformations wa nyumba ndi maziko monga skew, unakhota, kuchepa mphamvu, unakhota, mpukutu, amasinthira, kapena yopingasa kuchepetsa.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya katundu

Musanayambe mawerengedwe a katundu, ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pali magulu zitatu zikuluzikulu, zimenezi katundu:

1. Kuwirikiza kawiri. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo kulemera kwa kapangidwe lokha ndi aliyense walowa munthu nyumba.
2. Mtundu chachiwiri - uyu ndi amene amadza chifukwa cha nyengo. Mphepo, mvula ndi mpweya zina, ziyenera kuyendera limodzi mawerengedwe a.
3. Zinthu zimene zidzakhala kale m'nyumba, nayenso, ndi kuthamanga ena, kotero mawerengedwe katundu pa maziko kuyenera kuphatikizapo Chiwerengerochi.

Gawo lapansi mtundu zimadalira mtundu wa dothi lomwe anamanga. Choncho, n'kofunika ndi mawerengedwe a katundu pansi. Fundam komanso umalimbikitsa ndipo amakhala ndi magawo monga malo okwana kukhudzana ndi akuya pakuwonekera kwake.

Tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa katundu pansi

Kudziwa mfundo, ife kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi chilinganizo zofunika:

H = HF + Hg + HB + HC,

kumene H - phindu pachiyambi, ndiko kuti, katundu okwana pansi, ndi NF - phindu kusonyeza katundu pa maziko, na- - Ndi katundu kunyumba, ndiye katundu pa mlathowo HC - nyengo katundu wa chisanu, NV - katundu mphepo.

Na- onse a mitundu maziko kuchita masamu njira yomweyo. NF kuchita masamu mosiyana malingana ndi mtundu wa maziko.

Katundu tepi ndi monolithic m'munsi

m'munsi katundu index pa nthaka kudzakuthandizani kudziwa mulingo woyenera kukula kwa malo chapansi adziwe katundu analola izo. Pakuti mawerengedwe ichi, amapanga abwino Mzere maziko. katundu mawerengedwe ikuchitika malinga ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

Nflm = V × Q,

kumene V - ndi okwana buku la maziko, umene analandira ndi kuchulukitsa kutalika, kutalika ndi kunenepa maziko a (tepi kapena kuponya); Q - yokoka yeniyeni (kachulukidwe) nkhani imene ankagwiritsa ntchito pomanga gawo lapansi ndi. Khalidwe limeneli ndi kuchita masamu alibe magawo zonse zofunikira angapezeke mu magome a akalozera.

Kenako index rr lagawidwa dera m'munsi (S) analandira ndi mtengo wa katundu (Hy), zimene ziyenera kukhala zosakwana kololeka Buku phindu nthaka kukana (Kr):

Chabwino = Nflm / S ≤ Kr.

Asalakwitse mu kuwerengetsera chikoka cha kupatuka ayenera upambana 25%. Ngati mtengo analandira kuposa maumboni, m'lifupi maziko a kuwonjezeka bwino, mwinamwake iwo amayamba osokoneza ndi kumira.

Yowerengera katundu mbale maziko pa nkhani ya zomangamanga monolithic maziko ndi ofanana. M'pofunika onetsetsani kuti kuganizira mapindikidwe katundu, ndi voteji maziko ndi mabanki. Kuti tichite zimenezi, maziko ndi malire kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe masamu.

Kutsegula maziko columnar

The mawerengedwe adzakhala kuwerengera chiwerengero cholondola cha milu kapena maziko yekha yomanga otetezeka.

kulemera Specific - ichi ndi mulingo umodzi umene ukusonyeza munthu pazipita kapangidwe kuthamanga kwa nthaka amathandiza kuti mu nkhani iyi panalibe subsidence ndi displacements. Mtengo yeniyeni kumatengera mtundu wa nthaka funso, nanga nyengo woyendera nthambi yomanga nyumba zakonzedwa. Komabe, pamene kuwerengetsa pafupifupi zambiri kutenga - 2 makilogalamu / cm2.

Katundu okwana amene amapereka pansi chikopa cha m'mbali columnar m'munsi imakhala misa anagawira dongosolo ndi kulemera kwa ndime ya. Choncho, mawerengedwe katundu pa maziko mlatho adzakhala motere:

• Vc = SC X HC;
• PC = Vc xq;
• Pfc = PC × N;
• Sfc = SC X N;

kumene SC - akuthandiza chipilala dera HC - kutalika, Vc - ndime buku, PC - kulemera kwa ndime ya, Q - kachulukidwe ndime chuma, N - chiwerengero cha mitengo yonyamulira, Pfc - okwana kulemera kwa maziko, Sfc - okwana m'dera thandizo.

Katundu mulu maziko

Ntchito chilinganizo zimenezi pofuna kupanga mawerengedwe a katundu pa maziko mulu, n'zothekanso, koma ziyenera kusinthidwa pang'ono. Ndicho, pamene zotsatira analandira kale ndi chilinganizo mmbuyo, ayenera kuchulukitsa ndi chiwerengero cha mudzi, ndiye kuwonjezera kulemera lamba (mu nkhani iyi, ngati lamba uja ntchito pomanga). Pofuna kupeza kukula anakhumba, chulukitsani chifukwa ndi osalimba (kulemera zenizeni) la zipangizo ankagwiritsa ntchito yopanga milu.

Chiwerengero cha kudziwika zogwiriziza helical (N) ndi kulemera kwa kapangidwe (P), chotengera wosamalira katundu limodzi ndi chiŵerengero cha P / N. Ayenera kukhala okonzeka kusankha milu n'zofunika kwambiri, ndi zina zimakhudza mphamvu ndipo kutalika kuti zimagwirizana m'dera mbali miyala.

Katundu pa maziko a nyumba

Kuti katundu wonse pa mawerengedwe a nyumba maziko, Uwerenge misa mbali munthu wa m'nyumba;

• Slabs ndi makoma onse.
• Zitseko ndi mawindo.
• KA zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso denga.
• Kutentha ndi mpweya mapaipi, kuikira.
• Onse zokongoletsera kokha, nthunzi ndipo madzi proofing.
• zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, mipando ndi masitepe.
• Mitundu yonse ya fasteners.
• Anthu amene onse amakhala nyumbayi.

Izi zina mafanizo magome (chiwerengero malingana ndi nkhani ya yomanga mbali) poyamba masamu ndi akatswiri. Tsopano n'zotheka chabe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo:

1. Pakuti nyumba ndi nyama, ndi makulidwe a omwe si zoposa 150 mm, tsegula mlingo wa makilogalamu 50 / m2.
2. Ngati ndi khoma la lokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira konkire, kakakulu amene ali kwa masentimita 50, - 600 makilogalamu / m2.
3. Mpanda wa makulidwe konkire masentimita 15 woyesetsa katundu wa makilogalamu 350 / m2.
4. Kubisa, mu maziko limene kapangidwe pamaziko a simenti akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito, mbamuikha ndi gulu la makilogalamu 500 / m2.
5. Kubisa ndi kwanyengo ndi matabwa a mtengo - makilogalamu 300 / m2.
6. Denga - avareji makilogalamu 50 / m2.
7. Ngati mtengo zofunika lomwe limasonyeza nthawi katundu wa chisanu, kawirikawiri zikutanthauza phindu la makilogalamu 190 / m2 - m'madera kumpoto, 50kg / m2 - kum'mwera, makilogalamu 100 / m2 - kwa gulu pakati, kapena anawapeza ndi kuchulukitsa kutiganizitsa m'dera la denga pa yeniyeni Buku katundu wa chisanu.
8. Ngati mukufuna kuwerengera katundu mphepo, pamene zothandiza chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

HB = R × (40 × H + 15),

kumene P - ndi malo okwana nyumbayi, ndipo H - okwana kutalika kwa nyumbayi.

Mwachitsanzo mawerengedwe

Kugwiritsa kuwerengetsera pamwamba adzalola kuti molondola kudziwa kukula kofunika maziko ndi kukapempha lokha kwa zaka zambiri dongosolo odalirika. Ndipo kukhala kosavuta kumvetsa mmene ntchito mfundo ayenera kuona chitsanzo yochokera katundu maziko.

Mwachitsanzo, kutenga deta wina-storey nyumba konkire lokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira m'dera ndi kutetezedwa ku chisanu ndi mphepo. Matabwa denga ndi maganizo a 45%. Fundam - monolithic tepi 6h3h0,5 mamita Walls: .. Msinkhu wa 3 mamita ndi masentimita 40 wandiweyani dothi - dongo.

1. Denga katundu masamu ndi katundu 1 m2 ziyerekezo, muchisanzo chimenechi -. 1.5 mamita Specific yokoka yochokera 6 - makilogalamu 50 / m2 / HC = 50 * 1.5 = 75 kg.
2. Wall katundu anatsimikiza ndi kuchulukitsa kutalika ndi makulidwe pa Buku katundu yoti achite 2: HC = 600 * 3 * 0.4 = makilogalamu 720.
3. Katundu alipo wochulukitsa katunduyo malo ndi ndalama kuchokera 4: H = (6 * 3/6 * 2) * 500 = 750 makilogalamu. Katundu m'dera anatsimikiza mtima m'dera chiŵerengero cha maziko kutalika kwa m'mphepete Mwake, limene atolankhani lags alipo.
4. Katundu patsinde lamba (Q konkire ndi miyala - 230 makilogalamu / m2): 6 * 3 * 0.4 * 230 = 1656 kg.
5. mita katundu wina zapansi: Koma = 75 + 720 + 750 + 1656 = 3201 kg.
6. Kulemba katundu kufunika kwa dongo: Kr = 1.5 makilogalamu / cm2. Mu chitsanzo cha katundu mwachibale kwa zapansi a lalikulu ndi wofanana: Hy = 3201/1800 = 1.8 makilogalamu / cm2, kumene 6x3 = 18 m2 = 1800 cm2.

Mwachitsanzo zikusonyeza kuti kwa izi deta koyamba kukula anasankha maziko awo ali osakwanira, kuyambira mtengo masamu ndi wamkulu kuposa Buku kololeka ndi sizitanthauza kudalirika kwa yomanga. Mtengo wolakalakika anatsimikiza ndi kusankha stepwise.

Pamene akukonzekera kumanga midzi ndi kusanthula ikuchitika m'pofunika, mwinamwake zotsatira za mfundo pachithunzichi angakhale aakulu.