Udindo zamoyo amino zidulo ndi ntchito zawo

ndi udindo zamoyo amino zidulo chiyani? Tiyeni tiyese pamodzi kupeza yankho la funso limeneli. Kudziwa zinthu structural wa gulu la mankhwala organic, mankhwala katundu wawo, munda waukulu wa ntchito.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Choyamba lotseguka kwa amino asidi glycine anali. Lake 1820 godu apanga ndi asidi hydrolysis wa gelatin. The anadziŵa kwa amino asidi zikuchokera mapuloteni molekyulu chinali chabe cha m'ma otsiriza, izo ndiye kuwululidwa kwa amino asidi - threonine.

ntchito zofunika

Pa nthawi, pali za 300 amino zidulo kuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu thupi.

ndicho kwachilengedwenso ntchito zimene amino zidulo? Makumi awiri a iwo amaonedwa muyezo (proteinogenic), chifukwa iwo ali mbali ya maziko a mamolekyulu mapuloteni.

mankhwala onsewa ndi mbali ya mapuloteni ena. Oksiprilin maziko a kolajeni, elastin anapanga desmosine.

Iwo akhoza kukhala intermediates mu njira kagayidwe kachakudya. Imeneyo ndiyo ntchito ya citrulline, ornithine.

The kwachilengedwenso ntchito ya kwa amino zidulo ndi kaphatikizidwe wa nucleotides, polyamides. The mpweya unyolo wa mankhwala ntchito kupanga zinthu zina organic:

• Shuga ndi apanga kuchokera kwa amino zidulo glucogenic;
• Lipids anapanga mankhwala ketogenic.

Udindo zamoyo amino zidulo ndi kuthekera ntchito zawo kwa mtima wa magulu zinchito. Cysteine ntchito chizindikiritso cha gulu sulphate. Aspartate ntchito kudziwa kwa amino gulu.

nomenclature Features

Kodi molondola kudziwa kwa amino zidulo? Kapangidwe, gulu, ntchito zamoyo mankhwala awa amaonedwa, ngakhale ndithudi maphunziro.

amino zidulo ndi zotumphukira zidulo carboxylic, zikuchokera amene atomu wa hydrogen wina m'malo mwa kwa amino gulu.

Malinga ndi malo a magulu a anthu zinchito mu mpanda wina angakhale isomers angapo. Akatswiri ntchito atatu chabe osiyana nomenclature: zomveka, zazing'ono, mwadongosolo.

maina zazing'ono za mankhwala awa ali oyanjana ndi gwero limene iwo anali olekanitsidwa. Serine inalowa mu silika fibroin, glutamine opezeka mu gilateni dzinthu. Cystine pano mu miyala chikhodzodzo.

dzina zomveka amagwirizana ndi carboxylic asidi otumphukira, ndi chidule ntchito malangizo malo a ndondomeko ya amino zidulo mu mapuloteni molekyulu. Mu sayansi ndi maina zochepa achidule mankhwala awa.

gulu la amino zidulo

Pofuna kumvetsa udindo zimene zamoyo amino zidulo ndi ntchito zawo, adzakhala pa gulu la mitundu ya mankhwala organic.

Panopa, mitundu yambiri ya gulu:

• ndi kwakukulu;
• pa mlingo wa polarity;
• wa chimake kaphatikizidwe mu thupi.

Malinga ndi kwakukulu dongosolo osiyanasiyana amino zidulo olekanitsidwa mu umagwirira organic.

The mankhwala aliphatic akhoza muli carboxyl wina ndi kwa amino gulu, zimene zinachitikira ali monoaminokarbonovymi mankhwala.

Pamene magulu kwa amino awiri COOH ndi zipangizo zomvetsera amatchedwa zinthu monoaminodikarbonovymi.

Komanso secrete diaminomonocarboxylic ndi diaminodikarbonovye kwa amino mawonekedwe acid.

Mitundu ozungulira amasiyana osati chiwerengero cha m'zinthu, komanso zikuchokera awo Mkhalidwe.

Ndi Lehninger, ndi kwa amino zidulo m'magulu anayi mogwirizana ndi peculiarities wa hydrocarbon kwakukulu anachita ndi madzi:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• moyipa - mlandu;
• ndithu-mlandu.

Malinga ndi luso lithe ndi kwa amino asidi thupi secrete zofunika (choonetsera chakudya), ndi mitundu mosinthana.

ntchito zamoyo asidi alpha-kwa amino zatsimikiziridwa ndi zatsopano zambiri sayansi.

thupi katundu

kwa amino zidulo yodziwika? Nomenclature, katundu ndi ntchito kwachilengedwenso mankhwala awa amapatsidwa kwa ophunzirawo sukulu m'chigawo Kupenda logwirizana mu zimapangidwira. zidulo awa organic ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, ndi limatsogolera mfundo mkulu.

ntchito yawo kuwala chifukwa kukhalapo mu mamolekyulu wa asymmetric mpweya atomu (nokha ndi glycine). N'chifukwa chake L- ndi D-stereoisomers wa zidulo kwa amino apezeka.

Isomers a L-mndandanda opezeka zikuchokera nyama mapuloteni. Mtengo kwa index wa hydrogen mankhwala awa ali mu uthunthu 5.5-7.

katundu mankhwala

Taganizirani kwa amino zidulo kwambiri. Kapangidwe, mankhwala katundu, maudindo zamoyo zinthu zimenezi organic kudziwa.

The kulunjika kwa katundu mankhwala amino zidulo lagona duality awo. chifukwa Amphoteric ndi pamaso pa magulu awiri zinchito zidulo awa organic.

Kukhalapo kwa carboxyl gulu COOH zimapangitsa mankhwala awa a chikhalidwe acidic. Odzozedwawa anatani ndi zitsulo yogwira, oxides zofunika, soda. Komanso acidity katundu wa mankhwala awa organic akuonetsedwa mu esterification anachita (ndi alcohols kupanga esters).

amino zidulo amathanso mankhwala anatani ndi mchere anapanga ndi zidulo ofooka mchere. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi zingachitike tinganene kuti anzake a kwa amino zidulo ndi carbonates ndi bicarbonates.

The katundu chachikulu cha kalasi imeneyi ndi kwa amino luso zidulo kuchita ndi zidulo ena pa kwa amino gulu. Mu ichi kupanga mchere.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso wa decarboxylation la amino zidulo kuti apange malo ndale kuti ndi otetezeka kwathunthu kwa zamoyo.

Ninhydrin mayeso angazindikire amino zidulo mu njira. Akamanena za zimene njira yothetsera colorless wa ninhydrin mu mogwirizana ndi asidi kwa amino, mukhale condense mu mawonekedwe a dimer ndi kupyolera asafe atomu amene lamamatira ndi kwa amino asidi kake.

The pigment chifukwa ali pabuka hue filoletovy Komanso, decarboxylation la amino zidulo zikachitika, chifukwa mu mapangidwe ndi wina aldehyde ndi mpweya monoxide (4).

Iwo ninhydrin anachita ntchito ndi akatswiri mu kusanthula dongosolo yaikulu zedi. Malinga ndi mtundu mwamphamvu angathe kuonedwa kachulukidwe kwa amino asidi zili mu njira koyamba, tsono kusanthula ofanana chinali pamene akudzizindikiritsa kwa amino asidi ndende.

zochita zenizeni

The kwa amino zidulo ena kuposa magulu carboxyl ndi kwa amino, anyamula magulu zina zinchito. Chifukwa chotsimikiza mu Laboratories kafukufuku achite zochita Mkhalidwe.

Arginine tingaone mu osakaniza ndi kuchita Mkhalidwe Sakaguchi anachita (guanidine gulu pa). Cysteine zingadziŵike ndi Foll, enieni-magulu SH.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya anachita) Chisoni kumapangitsa kuti atsimikizire kukhalapo mu chisakanizo cha kwa amino zidulo onunkhira. Millon anachita ndi kudziwika gulu hydroxyl pa mphete onunkhira a tyrosine.

Features wa peputayidi chomangira

Khalidwe sulufule kwa amino zidulo? udindo wawo kwachilengedwenso amagwirizana ndi mapangidwe tinthu wa mapeputisayidi. Mu zimachitika pakati molekyulu angapo kwa amino asidi ng'ambidwa kuchokera mamolekyulu madzi ndi zatsalira kwa amino asidi kudzera ndi peputayidi (amide) chomangira kupanga mapeputisayidi.

chiwerengero cha zatsalira kwa amino asidi kuti apange polypeptide zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Anthu mapeputisayidi kuti mulibe oposa khumi zatsalira kwa amino asidi, amatchedwa oligopeptides. Dzina la mankhwala chifukwa nthawi zambiri amasonyeza chiwerengero cha zatsalira kwa amino acid.

Ngati zikuchokera zinthu munali zatsalira zoposa khumi kwa amino asidi, mankhwala otchedwa polypeptides. Chifukwa mankhwala amenewo monga zatsalira anthu fifite kwa amino asidi zopangidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni otchedwa.

Choncho, timadzi glyukagen, imene dongosolo pali 29 kwa amino zidulo kuti akatswiri kuyitana timadzi. zatsalira kwa amino asidi kuyambira monomers ankaona organic zidulo omwe anapangidwa kuchokera pawiri proteinaceous.

The zotsalira kwa amino asidi kuti inalembedwa kumanzere, ali kwa amino gulu, wotchedwa N-osachiritsika mpukutu kukhala carboxyl gulu, malinga C-osatha, kaŵirikaŵiri olembedwa kumanja.

Pamene wotchula chifukwa polypeptide kwa amino achidule asidi ntchito, ku lomwe anapanga. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mogwirizana ndi panafika glycine, serine, alanine linachokera tripeptide kuwerenga glitsilserilalanin.

Kufunika zidulo ena kwa amino

Glycine (aminoacetic acid) ndi mwiniwake makombo mpweya zomwe ndi zofunika kwa mapangidwe hemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, komanso kwa kaphatikizidwe creatine.

Serine alipo mu malo yogwira michere. Asidiyu kwa amino chofunika kwa kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko phosphoprotein (zachilengedwe mkaka casein).

Glucogenic asidi anafunika kupanga yachiwiri, ukachenjede Kapangidwe ka mapuloteni molekyulu. pawiri Izi ndi zotakasika kwambiri zinchito gulu, kotero kuti chinthu mosavuta amaloŵamo njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa, chimamanga zitsulo zolemera monga mankhwala insoluble. Zinali iye amene akutumikira monga mwiniwake sulphate gulu, kufunika kwa kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu sulufule munali.

Pomaliza

amino zidulo ndi amphoteric organic mankhwala amene ali ndi tanthauzo kwachilengedwenso. Izo kwa amino zatsalira asidi mu ndondomeko kaphatikizidwe kupanga ndondomeko ndilo dongosolo yaikulu ya mamolekyulu mapuloteni. Malinga ndi mmene ndendende alimbane ndi makombo kwa amino asidi apanga mapuloteni enieni chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo.