Turgenev's "Notes of The Hunter": mwachidule mwachidule cha zokololazo

Lero, munthu aliyense wophunzira amadziwika ndi kusonkhanitsa nkhani zochepa ndi zolemba "Mfundo za Hunter" za Turgenev. Komabe, aliyense wa iwo amatha kufotokozera zokhazokha payekha. Wowerenga wina amakonda kwambiri nzeru zakuya zomwe zili mu "Horus ndi Kalinych"; Mtsinje wina wa "Beige Meadow"; Wachitatu sangathe kusiyanitsa chinachake, kulumikiza, monga mikanda, nkhani ya nkhaniyo, kuyesera kupeza chofunika cha aliyense. M'nkhaniyi, tiyesera kuganizira lingaliro loti buku la "Notes of Hunter" likufotokoza. Turgenev monga wolemba ali ndi mitundu yambiri, kotero chonde musati mutenge zogwirizana ndi nkhaniyi ngati maganizo okhawo, koma mutatha kuwerenga bukuli, perekani chigamulo chanu. "Hunter's Notes" amatanthauza zapamwamba zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwanso kuti zione zatsopano.

Maganizo a anthu ogwira ntchito

Tiyeni tikumbukire malingaliro amtundu omwe ali ndi Turgenev's Notes a Hunter. Chidule cha kusonkhanitsa chikhoza kufotokozedwa pamaganizo amodzi: chithunzi chachikulu, chothandizidwa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zazing'ono, chithunzi cha moyo wa anthu a ku Russia. Serfdom yakhala ikuphwasuka momveka bwino kuti pakhale chitukuko cha Russia. Ndipo maziko a kusunga mtundu uwu wa ukapolo wovomerezeka ndikumvetsa zomwe olima a ku Russia ali. Zochitika ziwiri zandale zowonekera ndipo zimalimbikitsa ukapolo. Choyamba, tikukamba za udindo wokhala ndi anthu ambiri pa nthawi yomweyi (nthawi yomweyo - malo enieni ofunika mphamvu). Anamasulira funsolo mu ndege ya psychology, akudandaula kuti eni eni ali abambo, ndipo alimi ndi ana. Chifukwa chake, kusowa ufulu kwa anthu amtunduwu "akuphimbidwa" ndi mgwirizano wa maubwenzi. Mfundo yachiwiri yawonetsedwa ndi otchedwa Narodnik. Zomwezi zidakondwera konse ku Russia, kuyambira nthawi ya Peter I, kukonzekeretsa Pre-Petrine, mnyamata wa Russia. Malingaliro onsewa anali achinyengo, inali nkhani yoyera ya madzi, yomwe imatsogolera anthu kuti asamvetsetse nkhaniyi.

Chidule

Zikuwoneka kuti Turgenev wodandaula analemba zolemba za Hunter. Machaputala a bukhuli, ngati wina ayambira kuchokera kumutu, ayenera kukhala oletsedwa: maganizo a mwini nyumba wa Oryol, wokonda chikhalidwe yemwe amakonda kuseka. N'chaphweka bwanji? Ndinapita kukasaka ndikuponyera mfuti yanga pamsompo. Anatenga cholembera ndikulemba "lipoti lalifupi". Koma ayi! Ntchitoyi, yokhala ndi mbali zisanu ndi ziwiri zowoneka zosiyana kwambiri, inakhala ngati monolithic, yopereka mawonetsero owonetsa komanso oona enieni a ku Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Iyi ndi imodzi mwa mabuku ochititsa chidwi komanso oganizira kwambiri za dziko la Russia. Zalembedwa motsimikizirika kuti pambuyo pake zidzukulu zidzatchedwa syllable "symbol" polembo ".

Nkhani "The Chorus ndi Kalinych" imanena za abwenzi awiri, serfs kuchokera ku malo olima. Mtengo ndi wakuti olembawo ali enieni. Mzinda wa Khorevka, m'chigawo cha Ulyanovsk m'chigawo cha Kaluga, ndi Khorya amene akukula kwambiri. Zonsezi sizinthu "zowonongeka" anthu, onse ali ndi umunthu wowala, waluntha - wopitirira mlingo wa "mbuye" wawo, mwini nyumbayo. Choyimbi ndi bwana wamkulu wa bizinesi, wokonzekera ndi wogulitsa. Iye pamodzi ndi ana ake asanu ndi limodzi ndi mabanja awo pamodzi akutsogolera chuma chambiri chomwe chimapindulitsa. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Chor amakhalabe ndi udindo wa serf, kuchoka pamaganizo a Polutykin - kudziwombola yekha, powona kuti ndizopanda ndalama komanso nthawi zonse amalipira lendi. Kalinych ndi munthu wokonda za uzimu ndi chiyanjano ndi chilengedwe. Iye ndi Wothandizira Pakati pa Masewera Omasaka. Koma ichi si chinthu chachikulu mwa icho. Amamvetsa chilengedwe. Kuwombera kavalo wosasunthika, kuyamba kuyankhula, kutontholetsa njuchi zakutha-ndicho chimene Kalinych amatha. Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe imatsutsa maganizo a a bourgeois ndi a Narodnik pa olamulira a ku Russia a Turgenev's Notes a Hunter. Chidule cha "Khorya ndi Kalinich" chikutsutsa, motsutsana ndi a Narodnik, kuti anthu a ku Russia saopa kusintha, koma pitani kwa iwo ngati akuwona izi zothandiza. Mkhalidwe wamakono pa "eni nthaka" amatsutsana ndi zonse zomwe zili mu nkhaniyi: onse alimi ali ndi nzeru, zakuya komanso zosangalatsa kuposa mbuye wawo, Polutykin.

Nkhani yakuti "Bezhin Meadow" imatibweretsera ife pamodzi ndi kuyendayenda mu steppe, mlendo wa tchire wokhala ndi tchuthi kukhala mfulu ya mnyamata. Ana amadya mahatchi usiku, kupuma pamoto, kukamba. M'kamwa mwawo nthano zimasokonezeka ndi zenizeni, kukongola kwa steppe kuli ndi lingaliro la moyo. Wojambula wa mawuwo, Turgenev amasonyeza chithunzi chenichenicho, chosakhalitsa komanso chosalingalira. Aliyense, powerenga nkhaniyi, amapeza momwe amachitira ndi ubwana wake, kutengedwera kutali, ngati akavalo mu steppe.

Zochepa ndi buku la nkhaniyi, tikhoza kungotchula nkhani zina. Kuwidwa mtima ndi ululu womveka pakamwa kwa Vlas wazaka 50, yemwe anamwalira mwana wake, wothandizira mnyumba ("Water Cowberry"). The Barin, yemwe sanali wozama wa moyo wake, sanangomvera chisoni iye yekha, komanso anakana kuchepetsa obrok, ndipo malo a Vlas anakhala ambiri opanda chiyembekezo. M'nkhani yakuti "Ermolai ndi Miller" timaphunzira za tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la miller Arina, amene chikondi chake kwa mtumiki wa Petrushka "chinapondereza" mwini nyumbayo wokwiya Zverkov. Anameta anyamata omwe anali ndi pakati, amavala zovala ndi kuwaitumiza kumudzi. Nkhawa ya wolembayo ikudza ndi nkhani "Ikudandaula". Mutu wa nkhaniyi ndi wowongoka komanso wodula. Amanena kuti ngati mumakankhira khutu lanu pansi pa steppe, mukhoza kumva anthu akuyandikira kapena okwera pamahatchi. Wosaka nyumba, akukwera pa tula ku Tula kwa kachigawo kakang'ono ndi wophunzitsi Philotheus, amamva phokoso. Posakhalitsa iwo anagwidwa, kutseka msewu, ngolo yomwe anatengedwa ndi troika. Ngoloyo inkalamulidwa ndi munthu wamtali, wamphamvu, pamodzi ndi amuna ena asanu ndi limodzi, onse oledzera. Iwo anapempha ndalama. Atalandira - anasiya. Bulu labwino linaperekedwa kwa mwini nyumba kukomana ndi achifwamba, koma posakhalitsa, monga momwe nkhaniyi ikusonyezera, pansi pa zochitika zomwezo mu steppe wogulitsa anaphedwa.

Nkhani iliyonse ya 25 imapereka mthunzi wake, mthunzi wa chithunzi cha moyo wa dziko la "Notes of the Hunter" mu chithunzi chonse. Chithunzichi n'chowopsya. Kwa kukongola kwa chirengedwe ndi anthu a Chirasha, zovuta zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe zimapezeka. Mfundo yonse yosonkhanitsayo yacheperapo kuti ikhale yofunikira kwambiri yowonongeka kwakukulu kwa dziko lonse.

Kutsiliza

Zodabwitsa, osati akatswiri ochita kusintha, ndipo katswiri wa nyimbo Turgenev anasintha nkhaniyi, monga akuti, "kuyambira mutu mpaka phazi". Bukhulo linali lothandiza, linkawakondedwa ndi owerenga. Turgenev mwiniwakeyo akukumbukira zomwe zinachitikira achinyamata-raznochintsy, omwe anakumana naye pa sitima ya sitima, adayamikira kuchokera ku Russia yense, akugwadira lamba.

Atangomaliza kulemba m'kalasi ya kalasi, anali Chernyshevsky, Herzen. Ziri zovuta kufotokozera zomwe Turgenev anachita pochotsa serfdom. Zolemba zawo mwachidule zinali zodziwikiratu kwa anthu ambiri, koma kuti bukuli ndi limodzi mwa zokondedwa za Emperor Alexander II, Liberator, likuwonetsedwa ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale.