Tsankho gulu - ndi ... Mitundu ndi zizindikiro za mafuko

Onse okhala padziko lathuli kwambiri osiyana kwambiri: Mwachitsanzo, mapiri ali kanthu ngati chilumbachi. Ngakhale mkati mwa m'dziko lomwelo kapena dziko kulibe osiyana mafuko amasiyana chikhalidwe chawo ndi chikhalidwe. Ndipotu, mitundu gulu - ndi gawo la fuko chinthu chimodzi, amene unakhazikitsidwa m'gawo zina za mbiri yakale. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane nkhani imeneyi.

Mbiri ndi chiyambi cha mawu akuti

Pakali pano, ndi mfunda - ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri cofufuzila sayansi monga mbiri, malo, anthu, chikhalidwe. zamaganizo Social kuphunzira nkhani ncholinga popewa ndiponso kuthetsa zosiyanasiyana mikangano yosiyanasiyana. ndicho chiyambi cha mawu akuti chiyani?

chidwi kwambiri etymology la mawu akuti "mtundu". Ndi Chigiriki angamasuliridwe "osati Greek." Kuti ndi zoona, "mtundu" - mlendo wokhala mlendo. Agiriki akale ntchito mawu amenewa ponena kuti mafuko osiyanasiyana sinachokere Greek. Koma iwo amadzitcha okha zina, mawu chimodzimodzi wotchuka - "Demos" kutanthauza "anthu". Kenako, oti asamuka chifukwa chinenero Latin, chimene adali adjective "mtundu". Mu Middle Ages icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kupembedza, ponena za mawu "osakhala Mkhristu", "achikunja".

Lero, "mtundu" anali mwangwiro sayansi mawu amene amatanthauza mitundu yonse ya mafuko. Science kuti amachita ndi kafukufuku wa iwo wotchedwa ethnography.

Tsankho gulu - ziri ...

ndi tanthauzo la liwu chiyani? Ndipo kodi mbali yake ndi mbali zimasiyanitsa?

Tsankho gulu - khola gulu la anthu, limene linakhazikitsidwa mu malo ena ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe chake chosiyana. I zoterozo gulu nkhani zotsatirazi.

Mu sayansi, akuti kawirikawiri kwambiri kuzindikiridwa ndi mawu akuti "mtundu", "omwe ndi chizindikiro mitundu", "mtundu". Koma m'munda malamulo ndipo kwathuthu kwina - pali nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa mawu akuti "mtundu" ndi "dziko ochepa". Chosowa matanthauzo bwino mfundo imeneyi ndi vuto lalikulu sayansi. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti aliyense wa iwo kubisala chodabwitsa zenizeni, chotero sangathe kuzindikiridwa. Mu tanthauzo la mfundo "mitundu gulu" ofufuza Soviet zambiri siyana ozunzidwa za khalidwe la anthu ndi Western - kuwerenga maganizo.

Asayansi Western apeza awiri mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mafuko:

• Choyamba, iwo alibe boma zawo;
• Kachiwiri, ndi mbiri yake, mafuko ndi sachita ndi zofunika nkhani zakale.

mafuko kapangidwe

mitundu yonse alipo ndi pafupifupi kapangidwe chomwecho, chomwe ndi mbali zitatu:

1. Phata la fuko, amene amakhala ndi moyo yaying'ono mu dera.
2. Peripherals - ali mbali ya gulu limene mwachirengedwe osiyana pakati.
3. Kunja kwa Palestina - uyu ndi gawo la anthu amene mwachirengedwe omwazika, kuphatikizapo zimatenga m'madera ina.

Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za m'madera fuko

Pali malo angapo pa zomwe munthu weniweni akhoza zimachitika ina fuko. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti makhalidwe amenewa kuchita mmudzi amadziona zofunika, ali maziko a umunthu wawo.

Pano pali mbali yaikulu ya mafuko:

• zokhudzana ndi magazi ndi banja (Mbali imeneyi kale ankaona penapake chakale);
• mbiri ambiri chiyambi ndi chitukuko;
• Kupititsa maziko, mwachitsanzo, kumanga kwa malo makamaka gawo;
• ndi chinenero;
• tingachidziwe chikhalidwe ndi miyambo.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya mafuko

Pakali pano, pali classifications angapo mafuko ndi madera mitundu: Hrs, zinenero zosiyanasiyana, anthropological, chikhalidwe ndi chuma.

Ndi mafuko ndi izi mitundu (milingo):

• Ndodo - kanthu ngati dera pafupi achibale magazi.
• Fuko - ndi genera ochepa cholukanalukana ndi miyambo yofala, chipembedzo, mpatuko kapena wamba chilankhulo.
• Dziko - wapadera mitundu gulu, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mbiriyakale ndi ogwirizana ndi chinenero chimodzi, chikhalidwe, chikhulupiriro ndi gawo wamba.
• Nation - ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a m'deralo mitundu, amene amakhala ndi gawo wamba, chinenero, chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko musiyane zachuma.

amadziwikira fuko

An chizindikiro zofunika za mlingo wa mapangidwe a moyo mitundu, makamaka mtundu, ndi mitundu abwino. Mawu amenewa ndi limodzi mwa magulu chachikulu zamaganizo tiganizire.

Tsankho adzadziwire - lingaliro la munthu makamaka ku makamaka fuko, mtundu gulu, mtundu. Pankhaniyi, munthu ayenera kuzindikira umodzi wake ndi mudzi uno ndi kumvetsa kusiyana Mkhalidwe ku ethnicities ena ndi magulu.

Mapangidwe chikumbumtima mitundu ndikofunika kuphunzira zochita mbiri ya anthu ake ndi makhalidwe chikhalidwe, folklore ndi miyambo imene anadutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo, amalidziŵa bwino chinenero chawo ndi mabuku.

Pomaliza ...

Choncho, fuko a moyo - ndi ndithu chidwi chodabwitsa ndi osiyana malo kafukufuku. Mwa kuphunzira commonality munthu, ife osati kuphunzira za zizindikiro zawo chikhalidwe kapena mbiri, komanso kukhala kulolerana, kulolerana ndi kulemekeza ethnicities ndi zikhalidwe zina. Potsilizira pake, kumvetsa ndi kulemekeza makhalidwe a mitundu ina kumabweretsa kuchepetsa kwambiri mikangano mitundu, mikangano kapena nkhondo.