Thupi katundu wa sulfure. Kufotokozera sulfure

Sulfa - mankhwala kuti panopa kuphunzira ndi anthu pafupifupi mwathunthu. Kale izo ankaona chachinsinsi, ankakhala ndi zinsinsi, nthano zimene obwera chifukwa cha mantha malodza a anthu yosadziwika lonse. Komabe, ambiri mwa thupi katundu wa sulfure ankadziwika kuti anthu ngakhale pamaso Mendeleev kuika zinthu mu tebulo nthawi nampatsa nambala 16. mankhwala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi ya Homer, kuwonjezera, zina (ndi odalirika) wa angapezeke mu kwatsopano ndi Old chatsopano ndi Chakale.

mankhwala amafotokozera

Usiku dongosolo zaka anasonkhanitsa a nkhani pa nkhani imeneyi, monga sulfure, zinali zovuta kwambiri. Ichi chidachitika ndi asayansi ambiri, koma kudziwa kuti adzaupereka kwa gulu la zinthu mankhwala akanatha D. I. Mendeleevu. Mu dongosolo mtanda akusonyeza Buku numeral 16. ili sulfure mu nthawi yachitatu, ndi subgroup chimodzi mwa gulu lalikulu, misa atomiki - 32, kachulukidwe (m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa) - 2070 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.

Mbiri ya ntchito

mtundu mwakhama ntchito thupi katundu wa sulfure, zomwe zinali kudziwika kwa iwo. Chitsime cha chiyambi chake ankatengedwa milungu ya dziko lapansi, kapena anthu pansi, kuvekedwa ndi mikhalidwe yapadera. Fungo khalidwe la mankhwala ndi chomasuka poyatsira ndi mpingo zothandiza pogwira miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachipembedzo ndi athamangitsidwe 'mizimu yoipa'. Kenako sulfure anayamba kumwedwa asilikali, unali mbali ya osakaniza kuyaka. Ndi Mwina mkulu tikhoza kunena kuti ntchito polenga "Greek moto", zomwe zikusonyeza mantha woyera kwa mdani. Mu banja sulfure ndi mankhwala ake chagwiritsidwa mu zodzoladzola, ulimi, mothandizidwa ndi minofu nsaluzi zinkangokhala ndi majeremusi kudzipatula. Mu China wakale, woyamba zatsopano pyrotechnic kunachitika mothandizidwa ndi sulfure. The zosakaniza chifukwa sanali koma lotayirira ufa, koma anatumikira monga maziko kwa chilengedwe cha chilinganizo ake, zomwe, poyamba, mu mavuto amenewa anali akweza. Komabe, pa siteji koyamba kwa maziko ake zinali sulfure. Zimapangidwira, kapena m'malo alchemy nthawi imeneyo, akuitana chinthu ichi "tate wake wa zitsulo onse." Mfundo imeneyi zachokera pamaso la sulfa m'magawo ores ambiri ndi combustibility ake kuzikonzanso. Anathetsa nthano kwalephera Lavoisier mu 1789. Wasayansi anatenga amafotokozera kuti sanali zitsulo, ndipo, monga momwe kuwonjezera maphunziro, iye anali kulondola. Mu mankhwala, pawiri sulfure ntchito monga nthumwi antiseptic ndi odana ndi parasitic.

Mu chikhalidwe,

The miyala ya kutumphuka sulfure si zachilendo. Malinga ndi digiri ya kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa m'malo 16 mwa zinthu zonse mankhwala. Kapangidwe ka atomu sulfure chimathandiza thunthu kukhala mu maonekedwe ake angwiro (zinthu zina zachilengedwe). Koma nthawi zambiri ndi gawo la ores zosiyanasiyana, mankhwala ndipamene sulfides ndi sulfates. Ambiri kugwirizana kwake ndi zitsulo: pyrites zachitsulo (galasi), cinnabar, galena (galena), nthaka blende (sphalerite). Mu nyanja pa mankhwala enaake a sulphate, calcium, sodium. Pakali pano, oposa 200 kuzindikiridwa mchere. Chachiwiri - misa kachigawo zili - gulu ndi gypsum, kieserite, mchere Glauber a. Sulfa ndi m'gulu zikuchokera zedi, mwachitsanzo. E. amapezeka zamoyo nyama. Kwambiri m'zinenero mankhwala organic ndi mafuta, gasi ndi malasha. Ndiwo sulfure ndi ena ofanana ndi mapiri, koma zochita za anthu (mafakitale, banja) inapita patsogolo ndi Polemeretsedwa ndondomekoyi. Kwambiri kuchuluka kwa thunthu atasunga pansi, clays, gypsum, pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja, mafuta, gasi ndi malasha, mu m'madambo mchere ndi madzi a m'nyanja. Makope sulfa m'magawo biosphere kumachitika mwa tizilombo, ndipo zimenezi zimalimbikitsa chinyezi amene ukuphwera padziko thupi yaikulu madzi, amagwa pansi monga mvula ndi ku zinyalala mitsinje mitsinje amabwerera m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja.

dzina

Mu nthawi ya chitukuko cha alchemy, panali mayina angapo osonyeza masiku mankhwala mchitidwe sulfure. Kodi mankhwala akutanthauzanji iwo - si bwino kwathunthu, mwina, anali funso za kugwirizana, miyala kapena sulfide mpweya. Mu nthawi dongosolo Mendeleev sulfure anasankha chizindikiro S (Sulfa). Dzina Latin alibe chiyambi bwino, mwina, izo anaitenga ku Chigiriki ndi kumasulira n'zotheka monga "moto". Kumbali ntchito chinenero cha Chirasha ndi mizu wakale kwambiri. Mawu "sulfure" amatanthauza unpleasantly kununkhiza zinthu kuyaka kusakaniza. Palinso buku la chiyambi cha dzina la zinthu mtundu: .. "wofooka yellow", "imvi", mwachitsanzo, osati lolozeka. Choncho tapita resins onse. Dzina lachiwiri la mankhwala si ntchito masiku ano - "bogey". Lilinso ndi tanthauzo la malingaliro a flammability ndi fungo loipa. Akatswiri kuti afike pomvetsetsa kuti Chisansikiriti muzu mawu "kupha" imene mwina chifukwa katundu wa woipa sulfure.

thupi katundu Sulfa

Malinga ndi zosintha allotropic mwa kulankhula selo zosiyanasiyana. Lagawidwa atatu anapanga latisi mawonekedwe (khola atomiki unyolo): orthorhombic, pulasitiki, monoclinic. Mtundu, thupi katundu wa thunthu zimadalira pa kukometsa sulufule. Ambiri ndi khola ndi S ₈ ozungulira pawiri. Ndi mtundu wa unyolo ndi khalidwe kwa crystalline sulfure - zakuthupi Chimaona kukhala kulocha chikasu. Pulasitiki ndi kusinthidwa monoclinic ndi kusakhazikika ndiponso lidzasinthidwa dongosolo ozungulira zokha patapita nthawi pambuyo chiphaso cha. Chilinganizo sulfure Pankhaniyi limapangidwa chizindikiro S ₄ S _6. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (firiji), pawiri khola ndi rhombic unyolo: pa Kutentha mankhwala kusintha mu mkhalidwe madzi a loitanirana, ndiye thickens. Pang'onopang'ono kuzirala ndipamene masingano monoclinic sulufule ndi zakuya chikasu. Mu zimene zinthu zosungunukazo ndi ozizira mitundu madzi pulasitiki allotropic kusinthidwa lomwe lili ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi mphira ndipo wapangidwa ndi unyolo angapo polima, ali ndi zauve-chikasu (mdima) mtundu. Nthawi zambiri sulfure monga malongosoledwe a chikasu olimba zomwe si kucheza ndi madzi otsala pamwamba pake. Monga zosungunulira angagwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala organic: .. Turpentine, mpweya disulfide, etc. The sulfure ndi chinthu chosavuta zinthu zachilendo ali zotsatirazi katundu thermodynamic:

1. Wachibale kachulukidwe - 2,070 g / masentimita ^3.
2. Matenthedwe madutsidwe - 300 K.
3. Limatsogolera mfundo - 112 ° ^C.
4. Molar kutentha mphamvu - J 22,6.
5. Kuwira mfundo - 444 ° ^C.
6. Molar buku - 15,5 ^cm3 / Mole.

Pa Kutentha, chiwerengero cha maatomu sulfure pa molekyulu amachepetsa. Pa 300 ^C ndi mwachangu kusuntha madzimadzi, kulandira nthunzi kutentha kuchuluka 450 ° ^C monatomic sulfure akhoza zopezera mu ndondomeko ya zipangizo Kutentha kwa 1760 ^{° C} (S ₈ - S ₆ - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Nkhanizi ndi wochititsa osauka a magetsi ndi kutentha, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tanthauzo lake.

katundu mankhwala

Sulfa amachitira ndi zitsulo onse chifukwa mu mapangidwe sulfides. Nthawi zambiri, zimene mankhwala kumafuna chothandizira amene amachita ngati magetsi. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (firiji), pawiri kumachitika kokha ndi mankhwala enaake. Mundawu ntchito kwa neutralization wa nthunzi ake, amene anapanga ndi mogwirizana wa zitsulo ndi madontho oxygen. Zilibe kucheza ndi chinthu pulatinamu, iridium, golide. The sulfides zimadza flammable mankhwala kuti kuwotcha pamene akayaka mokwanira mwakayakaya. Sulfa, mwayeretsa panja amachitira ndi oxygen. Zimenezi pawiri amakhala ndi mapangidwe mpweya colorless (sulfure woipa) ndi moto. The kusintha anachita ndi haidrojeni chikuchitika pa Kutentha (by fanizo la carbon ndi pakachitsulo), mpweya anapanga ndi sulfide wa hydrogen akutchedwa, mpweya disulfide. Ngati zinthu zina zonse gulu VI ku gome nthawi, sulfure ndi anachitanso chubu womata ndi halogen (fluorine, bromine, chlorine, phosphorous). Firiji, zimene zimatheka ndi fluorine. mankhwala enaake sulfure ndi chuma ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani mankhwala a. Ndi madzi ndi asidi mankhwala si anachita, ndi pawiri soda ndi kusintha - iwo anapanga pansi zochita za chothandizira lapansi. Ambiri alipo acid ndi mchere popangidwa ndi mitundu (chofunika ndi kutentha) sulfure ndi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen.

pakompyuta kapangidwe

Kapangidwe ka atomu sulfure chimathandiza amafotokozera kuti kuonekera ngati wothandizira oxidizing ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa, ndi mankhwala anachita ndi valence osiyana. Izi amayamba ndi kufalitsa milingo elekitironi. atomiki phata ali ndi mlandu 16 pamene atomiki kulemera kwa 32 (16 mapulotoni neutrons) utali wozungulira - 127 madzulo. Chiwembu sulfure (e) motere: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; pa mpumulo - 1s ² 2S ² 3S 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. Pa mlingo wachitatu atomu sulfure isanu orbitals ulesi Choncho valence mankhwala ake zimasiyanasiyana mu zosiyanasiyana zotsatirazi: -2, + 2, + 4, + 6, amene amadalira mlingo wa malemeredwe.

gawo

Kuchuluka kwa sulfure opangidwa zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse. Izi amagwirizana ndi osiyanasiyana ntchito, zomwe nthawi zonse kukula chifukwa patsogolo sayansi ndi zambiri Kuphunzira bwinobwino mankhwala zinthu kale. Chikhalidwe cha sulfure ali mawonekedwe mbadwa ndi ndi mbali ya ambiri ores. Malinga ichi, njira osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi wake. madipoziti Stratiform anagawira mu United States, Iraq, ndi Middle Volga ndi dera Carpathian. Iwo ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri mawu kuchuluka, kumeneko amapangidwa kuchokera 50 mpaka 60% sulfure. The carbonate ndi sulphate thanthwe formations kugona yaikulu, kufika makumi a mamita mwakuya ndi mazana angapo - m'litali. Soljanokupolnyh madipoziti ndi khalidwe la zigawo kwambiri kupanga mafuta. Pakuti madipoziti yaikulu ya m'dera zikuphatikizapo Gulf of Mexico, limene likufanana kukhala US, Chile ndi Mexico. Masiku ambiri, kumene-anapanga madipoziti ndi chiphala madipoziti. anachokera chikugwirizana ndi tectonic zolakwa kutumphuka ndi kanthu chiphala. Choncho, madipoziti izi zili Pacific Ocean. Mwakhama akuyendayenda deta Japan ndi zone Russian. Mu Europe ndi ku Asia ambiri madipoziti mbadwa sulfure, lomwe lili ndi chiyambi mokwanira wakale ndipo makamaka ili mu zigawo pamwamba. Ural Mountains, pachilumba cha Sicily, dera Volga, Lviv dera ndi chitukuko cha madipoziti, amene amakonzedwa masiku ano. World yopanga sulfure ndi matani oposa 50 miliyoni pa chaka, ndi 30% - yokha, 33% - mafuta ndi mafuta, 14% - processing mafakitale mpweya, 16% - pa sulfides, 6% - a sulfates.

Njira yopanga

Malinga akuya sulufule munali ores ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana m'zigawo ndi zina processing. The katundu thupi la sulfa m'magawo Pachithunzipa, mosasamala kanthu za njira ya ulimi, linanena bungwe ndondomeko chitetezo. Childs, thunthu mosungiramo limodzi ndi kudzikundikira yaikulu ya mpweya woipa si lilibe milandu kuyaka lachibadwa. zigawo zachiphamaso zigawo miyala amachotsedwa ntchito anakumba zinthu zakale - njira imeneyi ndi osachepera oopsa (zoletsedwa ndi malamulo onse sayansi). Sulfa mwayeretsa zotsatira za processing wake zina pa zomera ziwalo, kumene aperekedwa kwa miyala ndi. Njira ya chiyeretso ndi ndende zosiyanasiyana: ikukhudzana centrifuge, kusefera, Mpweya wotentha, m'zigawo.

Ndi kovuta kwambiri kuti m'zigawo sulfure, amene ali zigawo mobisa. Wanga njira - popereka mpweya kugwirizana - pafupifupi kufikako, choncho ndithu bwinobwino Germana Frasha njira ntchito kuyambira mu 1895. Iye imayenda kwambiri chitukuko cha madipoziti olemera ndi amapereka ndalama yokulirapo ndalama zoyendera ndi ndalama zina processing miyala, monga amasonyeza linanena bungwe la mankhwala yoyera. Mfundo choyenera losavuta: zigawo miyala munali sulfure, asonyezedwa madzi otentha amene yopezeka chitoliro lapansi. Anakonza mkati mwake awiri osiyana cylindrical chotengera, omwe anapangidwa kuti kupereka mpweya ndi kutulutsidwa kwa chotsirizidwa. Chifukwa otsika limatsogolera kutentha pamwamba opanikizika lotulukira sulfure ndi pang'ono zosafunika.

ntchito

Ogula chachikulu mankhwala sulfure; sangaonekerenso popanda zidulo zochokera mchitidwe uwu. Nsalu, mafuta, chakudya, zamkati, kupanga migodi zigawo simungakhoze kuchita popanda mankhwala. Dongosolo la sulfa limachititsa ntchito mankhwala ake kupanga mabomba, machesi, labala, mafuta odzola, mankhwala ndi zina zotero. D. Mu ulimi, tiganizire chinthu ndi mbali ya feteleza m'nthaka (kumaonjezera kuchuluka anaphatikizana phosphorous) ndi ziphe, amene ndondomeko nthangala osiyana tizirombo. Kwa kupanga utoto ndi nyimbo luminescent ntchito woyeretsedwa sulfure. Malinga ndi digiri a m'zigawo, processing ndi ntchito chinthu ichi Tingaone pa lingathe mafakitale boma lonse. Ambiri mwa zochitika atsopano ambiri Boma kudziwa-tima ya chuma zochokera ntchito a sulfa ndi mankhwala ake. N'zovuta kuona kuthekera zonse za ntchito imeneyi mchitidwe mankhwala, amene ntchito ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo akupitiriza kutenga nawo mbali mu sayansi amakhulupilira ena ndondomeko.