T-15 - oponya atomiki: makhalidwe

Pakutha 40 ntchentche za pulogalamu nyukiliya ku Soviet Union osauka mochititsa kaso. Resources ntchito imeneyi sanadandaule. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha mlili wa zochitika mu Japan, mzinda umene Achimereka waponya awiri basi atomiki mabomba. Kodi fulumirani, osati kukhala pa malo Japanese.

Mu 1949, bomba loyamba anayesedwa ... ndiyeno kunapezeka kuti yobereka kwa mdani Nkosatheka ali yekha otsika liwiro Lachiwiri-4. Koma kale momveka bwino kuti, kuziyika izo modekha, losatheka. Choyamba, ndege amene ali ndi lothandiza sanathe kudziteteza interceptor, amene anaima pa mikono US. Chachiwiri, sindikufuna kukuponyerani oyendetsa kuti: pambuyo ntchitoyo iwo anali ndi malo amodzi - kuyesa bailed pa gawo Mexico.

Zimenezi palibe wina mu utsogoleri wa dziko simuli okondwa nayo. researches ambiri akhala anapezerapo m'munda wa magalimoto yobereka, mmene munthu wa chidwi kwambiri anatembenuka T-15. oponya Izi zimachitikira "ntchito" iye ankanyamula lonse kum'mawa gombe la USA.

Chifukwa oponya?

Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti mu bulu wa USSR anali sitima zankhondo kwambiri. Kale panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri wakhala mobwerezabwereza kutsimikiziridwa kuti iwo akhoza kuswa kupyola ku gombe kwambiri za mdani, ndipo kunali kofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya nkhondo ikhoza nyukiliya. Ngakhale Achimereka angayerekeze kukhazikitsa dongosolo ake "Dropshot" oponya T-15 chida ogwira kubwezera.

Koma kusankha - wina, ndi kuzindikira ndi ovuta kwambiri: yaikulu awiri oponya machubu pa sitima zankhondo Soviet - 500 mamilimita ndi awiri a "kakang'ono" ya bomba la atomiki - onse mamita imodzi ndi theka. Kodi kuchita? Amalinyero ankafunitsitsa oponya maonekedwe a kukula mokwanira, koma makampani nyukiliya anaumirira pandunji.

kutukula zoyambirira

Amene anali mtsogoleri wa polojekiti T-15? The oponya anali akufuna Alferovym V. I. Iye anatenga mbali mu chilengedwe cha bomba loyamba atomiki, kotero kuti zinthu zimene anali nazo. Ndipo Iye nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa chiyeso "kugulitsa" masomphenya awo vuto, ndi kuumirira pakhale oponya lalikulu kudzera mlandu "wa hydrogen".

Tikumbukenso kuti Navy analidziwitsa a zochita sikupatsa konse. chakuti Alferov sanasangalale kutchuka mwa anthuwo, popeza iye ndiye anayambitsa kuzunzidwa ndi asilikali Kuznetsov. Choncho pali vuto paradoxical pamene sitimayo armament anayamba kupanga yekha "dziko" magulu.

Akukhulupirira kuti wolemba mwachindunji polojekiti anali odziwika academician Sakharov. Super oponya T-15 (mphamvu ya 100 megatons!) Anali ndi ntchito kuukira pa gombe US kum'mawa. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti kuphulika "mfumu-torpedoes" ikutuluka yoweyula imene yagwa zofunikira lonse la mdani, ndipo osati gombe, koma chimene chinali mu kuya kwa dziko. Lero, ndi oponya T-15 Sakharov ankaona wamphamvu kwambiri kalasi ya chida, ngakhale anatengera izo konse.

Akuti Kamangidwe

Zombo zida lipoti yekha mu 1953, ndipo amalinyero okha anasangalala naye ayi. chakuti sitima zankhondo kuti anali kunyamula mtundu wa oponya, lonse woyamba chipinda lidzasandulike nkukhala makina chimphona kuthamanga chipolopolo izi. Choncho, oponya T-15 - mmodzi yekha mu dziko choncho pamene osiyana sitima zankhondo kalasi udaikidwa kunyamula ndi projectile umodzi. N'zoona kuti makhalidwe yamasika kwambiri moti kwathunthu kuphimba ndalama.

The okwana kutalika chipangizo - mamita oposa 20. Mwa zina, lili m'mphuno awiri oponya 533 mamilimita anafuna kuti adziteteze. Places Pankhaniyi anali wamng'ono kwambiri kuti pa kutaya oyendetsa kukadamuyenera torpedoes awiri okha (katundu sanali).

Akufuna specifications T-15

Choncho, zimene zinali zosiyana T-15? The oponya akhoza kugunda kukula kwake onse chadzaoneni. M'litali anali mamita 23 ndi kulemera matani mpaka 40. Ndipo pa kulemera kwa warhead lenilenilo anali matani anayi. Onse - batire kwambiri, chosowacho chuma cha liwiro pafupifupi 29 mfundo. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana kungakhale kwa makilomita 30. anali "kudzazidwa" wa T-15 chiyani? Oponya ayenera kunyamula pa bolodi chabe warhead nyukiliya.

Yotsirizira kusiyana osiyana Bureau moyang'aniridwa ndi Haritona Yu. B. kumapangitsa zathu- ngati kukhudzana fuze ndi kudzera telemetry. Njira yoyamba akulimbikitsidwa zonsezi ngati zinachitikira kale akuthamanga nkhondo, bwato ankaona mdani. Pankhaniyi pali chiopsezo kuti oponya T-15 Sakharov kale kuchokera oponya chubu, koma sitima zapamadzi lokha pa nthawi imeneyo ukhoza kuononga. Kulamulira moto pogwiritsa ntchito mwapadera analengedwera zovuta izi "Tantalum".

Pamene chiphunzitso ndi wosiyana ndi zochitika

Waukulu luso makhalidwe a oponya chonyamulira ndipo anavomereza kumapeto 1953. Ndi July 1954 iwo unakonzedwa ndi kusodza kuyambirira ya sitima zapamadzi, pa gulu la umene ukuyenera kukhala oponya nyukiliya T-15. Pakutha pa chaka chimene anayang'ana pa Poyamba ndipo analimbikitsa kufala zina zolembedwa pa zokambirana. Tikatero ntchito zapanga asilikali Kotov, amene panthawiyo anali mkulu wa asilikali apanyanja wa USSR. Iwo anali anaitana m'kupita mlanduwo ndi akuluakulu ena a m'gulu la asilikali.

Akatswiri amanena

Anthu anapanga komiti Katswiri umene ukuyenera kuthana ndi kuthekera wonse wa ntchito choterocho. Mwakucimbidza zinaonekeratu kuti Navy sanali utsogoleri wa osati Soviet oponya nyukiliya T-15, komanso makhalidwe a sitima zankhondo Kunyamula amayenera atumiza zida zotere. Akatswiri moyenerera amanena kuti mtengo umenewu chida absurdly mkulu zosowa zake zonse kukhalabe nkhondowo okonzeka, ndi kuchita ndi amenewa miyeso torpedoes kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri.

Komanso, ogwira ntchito sitima zapamadzi ndi pafupifupi inasanduka kudzipha ndi: kuphulika kwa mtengo mphamvu megatons 100, izo, pamodzi ndi sitima zapamadzi akanati Kungoti Wakhadzulidwa, ngati iwo ali kuchokera pamene panayambira akanakhala kuti mupewe munthu pazipita makilomita 100.

Chifukwa, potsiriza tinaganiza kuti Soviet T-15 looneka - polojekiti ndi lakuti, ndi nkokoma kwambiri kulenga zida zotere, zimene zingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupyolera ochiritsira 533 mm oponya machubu. Mu March 1955, kafukufuku onse anaponyedwa dera imeneyo. Obweretsa atomiki oponya T-15 anakhalabe yekha pa pepala.

Amene anadza kwa m'malo T-15?

Iye m'malo mwa oponya T-5. Komanso nyukiliya, koma kale miyeso chokwanira. Komabe, anali ndi mavuto kutukula kugonjetsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kwa nthawi yaitali sanathe "amaphunzitsa kuti" oponya sanali umafika kuya ankafuna. Komanso, pa mlandu akuthamanga izo anayi 15 akhoza kuyambitsa kutsegula lama fuyusi "awo."

Komanso, chifukwa kugwira ntchito za masiku onse warhead ndi kudzapanga capricious chifukwa wambirimbiri zamagetsi chofunika kutentha osiyanasiyana madigiri 5-20 Celsius. Popeza chakuti sitima zankhondo yathu nthawi zambiri anali kupitirira Arctic Circle, amafuna kuyang'ana lolemera kwambiri.

Ngakhale, mu April 1955 watsopano mayeso warhead torpedoes kunachitika mu Dziko Latsopano. Ife analiza m'nyanja, pa akuya pafupifupi 12 mamita. Kugwiritsa attenuated mtengo, mphamvu zomwe si upambana kilotons atatu. Tikumbukenso kuti warhead, amene anali okonzeka ndi "cobalt" oponya T-15, sanasoŵerepotu zinthu zenizeni. Zimenezi n'zomveka: mphamvu "mankhwala B", ndi "phala", si upambana 60 megatons. Kudziyesa mlandu kawiri amphamvu monga akatswiri ndi asilikali chabe sanayese n'komwe.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, osati asiye zapitazi, dziko lathu lakhala kukhala latsopano ICBM zochokera roketi "purotoni", amene ayenera kupitiliza mphamvu anali ... 150 megatons. Koma ngakhale ntchito sikuti anapatsira zojambula chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yoyenerera. Mpaka pano, palibe amene amakhulupirira kapena kukana kuthekera ndi unyolo kusalankhula mosiyanasiyana nyukiliya pamene anayesedwa chida cha mphamvu.

mayesero boma

State mayesero kwa T-15 m'malo unayambitsidwa mu 1957. Malinga ndi pulogalamu yawo, zinakonzedwa magawo atatu: mmodzi kuwombera "akusowekapo", ndipo chachiwiri - zonse kunachitika nkhondowo oponya, koma popanda stuffing nyukiliya, lachitatu - ndi angatifooketsere weniweni wa T-5 ndi warhead nyukiliya.

masitepe onse anali bwino, koma anasonyeza mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo projectile zopatuka sukuluyi, komanso mavuto ena mu kachitidwe kulamulira. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, zinthu zonse zoipa zosafunika, kumanga torpedoes nyukiliya pulogalamu kunatha bwinobwino.

Ulipobe

zida zawo anatengedwa mu 1958. Kumasulidwa kope osauka mu mzinda wa Alma-Ata. Koma kale mu 1960 kupanga kwathunthu phased kunja. Panali zifukwa zambiri. Choyamba, "wothawa" chitukuko (zaka zisanu) sakanatha kukhudza ntchito galimoto kuti anali kwambiri poyerekeza kuposa torpedoes anthu, munali kale mu utumiki. Kachiwiri, ali mu 1960, asilikali anayamba kulandira wapadera siriyo 533 mm oponya, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito warhead nyukiliya. Ndi chifukwa cha zimenezi zida wapadera wa mtundu uwu anali phased kunja.

Mu nkhani iyi, T-15 oponya, makhalidwe amene ife tafotokozeramu, komanso T-5, anapereka Soviet sayansi zambiri zamtengo wapatali kuti wakhala nthawi zonse ntchito polenga zipolopolo wapadera.