Systematics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zosiyanasiyana kwachilengedwenso pa dziko

Ngati atakufunsani kufotokoza za kuchipinda kwanu, ndiye inu mwina alibe kuitana iliyonse chilichonse, monga kusintha adzakhala nthawi yaitali. M'malo mwake, inu mwina wosalira zonsezi ndi grouping zinthu m'magulu monga mabuku, zidole, e, zojambula, mipando ndi zina zotero. taxonomy ndi chiyani? Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo nyama ndi zomera ndi gulu lake.

Kodi taxonomy?

Taganizirani ngati mungathe kufotokoza kwa mzindawo kopanda ntchito osiyana- siyana, monga magalimoto, anthu, nyumba, milatho ndi misewu? Ndicho chifukwa tiyenera systematics. Tsopano kuyesa kuyerekezera ndi wasayansi amene alibe mwayi kugwirizanitsa ndi zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili. Mu zamoyo, taxonomy - sayansi kuti maphunziro ndi limatchula zinthu zonse zamoyo padziko lapansili.

Mitundu iwiri ya systematics

Pali awiri milingo umafananirako ndi kulowererana kwa Gawo: taxonomy (kudziwika monga dongosolo Linnaeus ') ndi phylogenetic.

• Taxonomic gulu la magulu a zamoyo pamaziko a kufanana. Mwachitsanzo, nyama kuikira mazira ndipo ndi mamba, ife timachitcha zokwawa ndi nyama amabadwa moyo ndi ubweya kapena tsitsi, ife timachitcha nyama.
• Gawo Phylogenetic ntchito maina taxonomic ndi pokazavayut ngati gulu la zamoyo evolutionarily zokhudzana ndi mzake. Mwachitsanzo, anyani amenewa ali wapafupi anthu kuposa mphemvu.

Systematics nyama - sayansi kuti maphunziro ndi limatchula zonse zosiyanasiyana zamoyo zomera. Kudzatunga ndi fanizo ubale wa anthu, kuti cholengedwa ali ndi dzina (taxonomic Gawo), komanso pamlingo winawake zimakhalira ndi zamoyo zina. Mwachitsanzo, anyani ndi macaque chifuniro mophiphiritsa, abale ndi amalume awo ndi nyani, munthu adzakhala wachibale wawo kutali, koma ndi cockroach ndi iwo sankadziwa (phylogeny). chomera systematics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zomera.

Karl Linney - bambo wa taxonomy zamakono

Kodi mungachite chiyani popanda njira chilengedwe zamoyo akatswiri gulu? Zingakhale chisokonezo. Pa chida ichi kwambiri ndi kuthokoza Karla Linneya, amatchedwanso Carl Von Linnaeus (1707-1778). Swedish katswiri, katswiri ndi dokotala m'nkhani sayansi yamakono monga "tate wa taxonomy". Iye anali woyamba amakhaladi ntchito dongosolo gulu (taxonomy) kwa gulu la zamoyo zochokera makhalidwe ofanana. Ndi njira imodzi wowuma ndi losavuta anapereka n'loonadi sayansi kwambiri m'munda wa gulu.

zosiyanasiyana kwachilengedwenso

Systematics - sayansi ya zamoyo amene amafufuza osiyanasiyana yaikulu zamoyo, zomwe ndi imodzi mwa mbali liwulo wa zachilengedwe. chilangochi sayansi ndi yogwirizana zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo zinachita zamoyo. Systematics - sayansi kuti maphunziro ndi amaonedwa kukhala mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano zimachitika kapena kuti njira zachilengedwe, chifukwa magulu ena kumbuyo osiyanasiyana amazipanga lonse la mitundu, ndi zina zamoyo chabe kufa.

Ichi ndi chifukwa makhalidwe a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, amene amalola kuphunzira zambiri za magulu akutiakuti. Systematics amayesetsa kumvetsa mbiri ya moyo kudzera ubale phylogenetic ndi chibadwa cha zamoyo. Lowunikira zosiyanasiyana komanso kudziwa mfundo ndiponso njira za chilango chimene tifunikila zachilengedwe, zimene zamoyo kusamala zamoyo.

Systematics ndi mtengo phylogenetic

Systematics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo, akale komanso amasiku ano, komanso ubale wawo pa nthawi akuonetsedwa ngati mitengo phylogenetic. Chisinthiko mtengo lagawidwa pawiri: woyamba amadziwika monga mwa dongosolo la nthambi, amene amasonyeza ubale wa zamoyo mwa gulu, otchedwa kutalika kwa nthambi yachiwiri liwulo nthawi kusanduka, imene anadutsa zamoyo.

mtengo

Systematics n'chofunikira chapakati mu zamoyo, kupereka njira zimaonetsa ndi zamoyo kuphunzira. Chifukwa gulu limene amasonyeza ubale zamoyo zinachita, n'zotheka kulosera ndi kuyesa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Phylogeny zingakhale zothandiza kwa deta kulosera za mbiri ya moyo si bwino kuphunzira magulu kwachilengedwenso.

Tizilombo systematics maphunziro a osiyana mitundu amoyo onse, akale komanso amasiku ano, komanso ubale pakati pawo. Dendrograms mitundu ndi taxa apamwamba ntchito kuphunzira zamoyo wa makhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, anatomical kapena makhalidwe maselo) ndipo chimasonyeza kufalitsa tizilombo (biogeography). Systematics ndi ayenera kumvetsetsa mbiri zinachokera moyo padziko lapansi.