Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo: history, zotsatira mayeso

Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo ndi imodzi mwa mitu kwambiri pa mbiri ya nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awiri - USSR ndi USA. Akukhulupirira kuti kupangidwa kwa zida zotere Amphamvu ndi wakupha kwa Soviet Union panthawi yovuta anali kupeza. Koma zambiri akuyandikira asayansi nyukiliya kutulukira wake, funso imachepa monga kumene kuona ichi chitukuko atsopano. Ndipo njira yothetsera vutoli anapezeka.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Izo ziyenera kuti nyukiliya mayeso malo anali mbali ya polojekiti kumanga bomba la atomiki. Kotero ndikofunika kuti tipeze malo abwino kuyesa zida zatsopano. Iye anayamba steppes la Kazakhstan, amene anatembenuka mu Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo. Kodi lino, nthawi yathu, pang'ono mukudziwa. Komanso mwapadera, steppe ili m'mphepete lamanja la Irtysh Mtsinje, monga 130 Km from Semipalatinsk.

Kenaka zinadziwika kuti zimachititsa chilumbachi a m'derali ndi bwino yosayenera mabomba mobisa m'maenje ndi ngalande. The drawback chinali chakuti Chinese kazembe inali, koma posachedwapa zinali kutsekedwa mu Semipalatinsk.

August 21, 1947 inaika lamulo kunena kuti poyamba anayamba kumanga Gulag tsopano anasamutsidwa ku Unduna silikhali pansi udindo "Maphunziro pansi nambala 2 MBC USSR (mu / h 52605)." bwana wake anasankhidwa mkulu-General P. Rozhanovicha ndi bwana sayansi - M. A. Sadovskogo, amene anadzakhala academician.

mayeso

Kwa nthawi yoyamba chida nyukiliya mu USSR wayesedwa August 1949. Mphamvu ya mabomba ndiye chakumene anali 22 kilotons. Tikumbukenso kuti kukonzekera izo bwinobwino. Izi zinali zofunikira kuti yakusankha pazipita kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene zimakhudza ndi zotsatira za ntchito zida zatsopano.

Semipalatinsk polygon nyukiliya unachitikira mu yaikulu m'dera la 18 chikwi. 500 sq. Km. Kuchokera ku tsamba lino experimental ndi awiri a 10 Km ndipo linagawidwa zigawo wakhala allocated. M'dera lino, tinamanga kayeseleledwe nyumba zogona ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri, ndipo taika magalimoto wamba ndipo asilikali. Komanso, kumabungwe amenewa anali oposa theka zikwi nyama ndipo anaikidwa padziko kukafika kutsogolo kwa kuyeza zida zithunzi cinematographic.

Pamene anali inakonzedwa mayeso tsiku, ndipo anali pa August 29, pa malo a m'dera pa msinkhu wa 37 mamita anali zokula mlandu RDS-1. Up ndi kutalika kwambiri ananyamuka bowa mtambo. Choncho anayamba ntchito zawo zoopsa za Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo. Maulendo mayeso ndi anthu wamba wamba amene akhala Anagwiranso a chi ndi kuonera zikutiuza, pafupifupi ofanana: bomba - uli waukulu ndi lowopsya anthu.

mabomba Kafukufuku

Choncho, Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo, mbiri ya zomwe ndithu mdima ndi yolakwika, anakhala amapha anthu amene ali pafupi. Ndi opareshoni kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1989. Panthawi imeneyi, mayesero oposa 450 kunachitika, imene analiza apo 600, onse zipangizo nyukiliya ndi nyukiliya. Awa, pafupifupi 30 anali kuuluka ndi osachepera 85 ndege. Mayesero ena inkachitikira, zimene zinaphatikizapo hydrodynamic ndi hydronuclear zatsopano.

Amadziwika kuti okwana milandu mphamvu waponya pa Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1963, 2.2 zikwi. Times kuposa mphamvu ya bomba la atomiki, kuti Chip mu US mu 1945 pa Hiroshima.

zotsatira

The akhala akutayirapo dothi, yomwe ili Chikazaki steppes, unali wapadera. Iye amadziwika osati dera waukulu ndi kufufuma pa izo zotsogola woopsa zokwana nyukiliya, komanso chakuti dziko lake mosalekeza anthu wamba. Izi sizinali kwina kulikonse mu dziko. Chifukwa chakuti woyamba milandu ochepa nyukiliya anali opanda ungwiro wa makilogalamu 64 ntchito ureniamu unyolo anachita anakhudzidwa okha 700 ga, ndi otsala a anatembenuzidwa kuti otchedwa fumbi nyukiliya, zomwe zikukhazikitsa pansi pambuyo kuphulika ndi.

Chifukwa zotsatira lowopsya la Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo. mayesero imachitika pa mwathunthu kuganizira am'deralo lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kuphulika komwe kunachitika kumapeto kwa November 1953. Iwo unali mlandu nyukiliya RDS-oyambitsa 37. Ataponyedwa ndege, ndipo iye kuphulitsa kwinakwake pamalo okwera mamita 1550. Chifukwa ndi bowa mtambo, adali ndi awiri a 30 Km ndi kutalika kwa 13-14 Km. Iye ankapezeka 59 m'madera. Mkati mwa utali wozungulira wa makilomita mazana awiri kuchokera pamene panayambira kuphulika ndi mazenera onse m'nyumba anali wosweka. M'mudzi wina kuphedwa msungwana wamng'ono, 36 Km anakomoka apansi, msilikali wina anaphedwa ndi anthu oposa 500 anavulala. Mphamvu za kuphulika akhoza ankangoona chakuti mu Semipalatinsk, ili 130 Km from malo, mwa 3 analemba ndi concussion.

Tikhonza ingoganizani ungamuphe mukapimidwenso nyukiliya, ngati pangano pa chiletso awo mu madzi mpweya, ndi danga, yolembedwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu m'dera lino mu 1963.

Minda ya ntchito

M'zaka za kuyezetsa nyukiliya anapeza zambiri zamtengo wapatali. Ambiri deta, ndipo lero ikusonyezedwa "wachinsinsi." Ochepa mukudziwa kuti Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo ankagwiritsa ntchito mayesero, osati asilikali, komanso zolinga mafakitale. Palinso zikalata kuti Soviet Union opangidwa oposa 120 mabomba osati pa malo ankhondo m'madera.

Nukes ankagwiritsa ntchito kulenga cavities mobisa chofunika mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani, komanso amene amadza chifukwa chodziwa kale kuyambira litheretu minda ndi mchere. Oddly okwanira, koma Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo anali ankamasulira chifukwa kudzikundikira kudziŵa zambiri mu ntchito mabomba amenewa zolinga mtendere.

kutseka

1989 chaka kutha kwa kuyezetsa nyukiliya. Ndendende zaka 42 pambuyo kuphulika kwa bomba loyamba - 29 August 1991 - lamulo wapadera yosainidwa ndi Chikazaki Pulezidenti Nursultan Nazarbayev umalimbana ndi kutsekedwa kwa Semipalatinsk nyukiliya mayeso malo. Patatha zaka 3, zida lonse la zida zotere watengedwa kuchokera kudera la State kuti.

Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 2 zonse tchuthi nkhondo kuchokera pamenepo, koma anasiya zipsera zikuluzikulu dziko lapansi mu mawonekedwe a zimaphala, ngalande ndi zikwi makilomita dothi poizoni ndi particles nyukiliya.

Kurchatov

Papita zaka 24 pambuyo anali anatseka Semipalatinsk mayeso malo. Koma Kurchatov - otchedwa kamodzi mzinda chatsekedwa - akusangalalabe kutchuka modabwitsa anthu achilendo. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, popeza kuti anthu ambiri loto kuwona mtundu wa mphamvu wasowa mayiko amphamvu lotchedwa Soviet Union. The alendo amene kuno, njira imodzi: Kurchatov - minda experimental - nyanja zachilendo, amene amatchedwa Atomic.

Choyamba, tauni atsopano otchedwa Moscow-400. Achibale ntchito anadza akatswiri mu mzindawu ndiponso pamenepo akuyang'ana kwa okondedwa awo. Iwo n'komwe kuti iwo tsopano akukhala pa 3 Km wa Moscow zikwi.. Choncho, mu 1960 m'tawuni ya anadzatchedwa mu Semipalatinsk 21, ndipo kenako mu Kurchatov. Dzina yamasika wapatsidwa polemekeza mapulogalamu otchuka a pulogalamu nyukiliya wa USSR Igor Kurchatov, amene amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito pano.

mzinda uno inamangidwa kuchokera zikande pafupifupi 2 zaka. Pomanga nyumba izo ankaona akapitawo ndi asayansi ndi mabanja awo adzangoti kukhala kuno. Choncho Kurchatov unaperekedwa ndi gulu apamwamba. Achibale amene anapita kukaona okondedwa awo, ankakhulupirira kuti moyo pafupifupi kumwamba. Ngakhale mu Moscow anthu anali kuima maola mzere chakudya ndi makuponi mu dzanja, mu Kurchatov maalumali m'masitolo chabe akuphulikira ndi kuchuluka zachilendo kwa katundu.

atomiki nyanja

Zikuoneka chifukwa cha kuphulika opangidwa pakati pa January 1965 pa confluence a mitsinje kuwiri ku dera - ndi Ashchisu sitepe. Mphamvu atomiki inali 140 kilotons. Pambuyo kuphulika, uko kunali Chigwa ndi awiri a mamita 400 ndipo akuya pa 100 m. Kuipitsidwa Radionuclide m'dziko ozungulira nyanjayi inali pafupi 3-4 Km. Apa ndi zotsatira nyukiliya wa Semipalatinsk mayeso malo.

akhala akutayirapo dothi wovulalayo

Patapita chaka chimodzi, pambuyo woyamba anali opangidwa ndi bomba la nyukiliya, khanda amafa chawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 5 zina ndi moyo alionse akuluakulu ali anatsika ndi zaka 3-4. Mu zaka wotsatira, chitukuko cha malformations kobadwa nako kwa anthu m'maderawa kunandithandiza, ndipo patapita zaka 12 zinakwana 21,2% mu zikwi 1. Newborn. Onsewo - akuvutika wa Semipalatinsk mayeso nyukiliya malo.

M'madera woopsawo, pamalowo mpweya wa poizoni mu 2009 anali 15-20 Mr paola. Ngakhale izi, pali anthu amoyo. Mpaka 2006, dera osati otetezedwa, koma sichinayambe kujambula mapu. Anthu wamba a m'derali ntchito ngati odyetserapo ziweto.

Posachedwapa, Purezidenti wa Kazakhstan ali anafotokozera za udindo wa anthu amene ankakhala kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1990 pafupi ndi chinthu, omwe anatchedwa "Semipalatinsk nyukiliya poyeserapo." Madalitso kwa anthu amafalitsidwa zochokera mtunda wa malo awo okhala m'deralo experimental. M'dera zakhudzana lagawidwa m'zigawo 5. Malinga Calculated chipukuta misozi ili umodzi chuma, komanso zowonjezera malipiro. Nawonso anapereka ndiponso kupeza masiku zina kusiya pachaka. Kukachitika kuti munthu anabwera imodzi mabacteria pambuyo 1991, ubwino alibe ntchito kwa izo.