Paris mphanga: zithunzi ndi ndemanga

Paris mphanga kalekale chinthu chidwi kwa anthu onse m'deralo ndi mbali ya apaulendo ambiri. Kodi amakopa alendo ambiri chaka chilichonse? Monga ulamuliro, ndi kufuna kuphunzira za mbiri ya mzinda waukulu. Ngakhale kuti palibe chinsinsi kuti othamanga zina kwambiri ndi adventurers kupita ku Paris mphanga. malo amenewa ndi waphimbika mobisa ndi chinsinsi, ndi kuyankha mafunso ambiri akufunikanso zaka ndi zaka za kafukufuku.

Nkhaniyi Cholinga kukuuzani chinthu ichi chidwi ndi osadziwika ndithu likulu French, ngati mzinda mobisa kwa akufa. owerenga adzaphunzira mfundo zomwe, monga ulamuliro, sindinena alendo, ngakhale maphunziro ambiri odziwa.

Gawo 1. kufotokoza General:

Mphanga motsatizana pansi likulu la France, ndi dongosolo la ngalandezi amene anaonekera pansi mzinda akale.

Bakuman mobisa tambirimbiri ndi kutalika makilomita oposa mazana atatu. The mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti quarries wakale chifukwa cha ulimi wa zipangizo zofunika pomanga zachifumu aang'ono mu mzinda pa Ages Middle. Kenako phanga panali manda chifukwa anthu ambiri ndipo wakhala manda aakulu. chiwerengero cha ku Paris m'manda pano, kuposa anthu panopa likulu French.

Ngakhale pamene Aroma wakale anawasema Miyala malo awa, koma mabomba anali otseguka. Pang'onopang'ono, ndi kukula kwa mudzi chawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha mafakitale oterewa. Mbali yaikulu ya mumphangayo anaonekera pa French Mfumu Philip Augustus, amene analamulira mu 1180-1223 gg., Kodi laimu pa ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga mitengo zozitetezera.

Gawo 2. Paris mphanga. Mbiri ya yatsoka

Malo okwana ngalande za mobisa anapanga pa chitukuko cha miyala, pafupifupi 11 sq M.. m.

The m'zigawo woyamba wa miyala ya laimu pansi pa dziko anayamba pansi Louis XI, amene anapereka dziko lino Vovert m'linga. Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano m'maboma a Paris ndipo patapita kale m'zaka za m'ma XVII. mobisa Parisian mphanga, zithunzi zimene tsopano angapezeke pafupifupi guidebooks anadzipereka ku likulu French, izo zinali mu mzinda, zikubweretsa chiopsezo kulephera nthaka m'misewu.

Mu 1777, Mfumu Louis XVI anayendera ndi quarries anayendera analengedwa, akuchita mu nthawi yathu. Pa zaka 200, antchito a mabungwe ndi kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza n'kugwa m'kaidi. migodi ambiri anadzazidwa ndi simenti, koma kulimbitsa pang'onopang'ono linasokoneza pansi madzi a khoka, ndi kuopsa zigumukire anakhalabe.

Gawo 3. Mwachidule mbiri mwachidule

mbiri ya mandawa Parisian mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi moyo wa nzika. Kodi? Chonde pezani zina:

• Cafe "mphanga" anapeza mu ngalande za Chaillot pa chionetsero World ku Paris (mu 1878). Ambiri amati motsimikiza kuti si kukaona malo awa sangathe
• Mu mayenje a mdima a likulu kukula bowa, amakonda mankhwala mu zakudya dziko la France.
• Wolemba wotchuka Viktor Gyugo analenga wamkulu epic buku "Les Miserables" Ndithudi, Ndale za zomwe kumagwirizana ndi kumidima wa Paris.
• Pa Chachiwiri World nkhondo quarries ntchito ndi atsogoleri a French fundo. M'chaka cha 1944 apo unakhazikitsidwa likulu, limene lili mamita 500 basi kuchokera chinsinsi Nazi bunker.
• Mu nthawi ya Chidani ndi kuopseza kuukira nyukiliya ndi ena una wa mobisa anatembenuka pansi pa m'misasa mpweya kunkhondo.
• "Paris mphanga" - filimu, mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa amene sanali kujambula pa akonzedwa, koma molunjika ku mapanga okha.

Gawo 4. Bokosilo ndi chiyani?

Mu Middle Ages Mpingo wa Katolika sali oletsedwa m'manda pafupi mipingo, ambiri mwa inali m'madera a m'tawuni. Pa manda wa osalakwa, yaikulu mu Paris, anaika anthu oposa mamiliyoni awiri. Pali kugona zotsalira za osati munthu wamba, komanso anthu amene anafa pa mliri wa makoswe ndi anafa kuphedwa pa St. Bartholomew. Komanso m'manda mu manda a mazana a matupi wosadziwika.

Osati aliyense amadziwa kuti nthawi zambiri manda anafika akuya mamita 10, ndipo mulu wa dziko kuchuluka kwa mamita 3.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti mzinda manda kenako anakhala gwero la kufalikira kwa matenda, ndipo mu 1763 yamalamulo loletsa manda misa mu mzinda. Mu 1780, pambuyo kugwa kwa mpanda umene umawalekanitsa churchyard ku malo a m'tauni, kumanda kwathunthu anatsekedwa ndipo mkati Paris wina aliyense anaikidwa m'manda.

Kwa nthawi yaitali zotsalira anali kuchotsedwa disinfection mu miyala mobisa kumasiye-Issoire. Antchito anaika fupa pa akuya mamita 17, ndi chifukwa kuti panali khoma, ndipo panali pafupifupi 780 meters tambirimbiri ndi zotsalira za akufa, amene anaikidwa mu bwalo. Choncho, mu mphanga ya Paris mu 1786 unali kuchokera Bokosilo. Iwo apeza mtendere za anthu mamiliyoni asanu, kuphatikizapo khalidwe odziwika bwino, koma kwambiri - palibe aliyense akudziwa.

Gawo 5. Paris mphanga lero

Malinga ndi apaulendo kulowa bokosilo analibe ngakhale zindikirani kuti iye anali pa akuya mamita 20. Apa mutha kuona khoma zojambula za m'ma XVIII., Zipilala zosiyanasiyana zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho mbiri, guwa, yomwe ili wanga mpweya okwanira.

Alendo ndi anthu am'deralo amati kuika mtima kwambiri pa denga, mukhoza kuwona wakuda mzere - "ulusi Ariadne ndi" imene kupewa ndiyotani anataya mu tambirimbiri m'mbuyomu, pamene panalibe magetsi. Tsopano ndende akadali zisungidwe malo, sizinasinthe kuyambira pamenepo: manda ndi Antiokeya-reliefs amene anaika pa manda a mazana apita; bwino kwa migodi ya laimu; kuchirikiza zipilala kwa denga.

Ambiri, tisaiwale kuti Paris mphanga (2014 - chitsimikizo china) akukhala ndi wotchuka kwambiri kukopa ku likulu French.

MUTU 6. Momwe mkati

Polowera ku mphanga la Paris ali pafupi siteshoni okwerera sitima "Denfert-Rochereau" (Denfert-Rochereau). Odziwika - chiboliboli wa mkango. The mphanga imachitika tsiku (kupatula Lolemba) kuchokera 10,00 kuti 17.00. Wotsogoleredwa ukhalako - 8-10 EUR (ana kwa zaka 14 - ufulu).

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, apaulendo odziwa akulangizidwa kulabadira chakuti maulendo munthu akuletsedwa.

Panopa alendo zomera ndi zilipo kutalika makilomita 2.5. Palinso m'madera chatsekedwa oopsa kudzacheza. Mu November 1955 ku Paris izo makamaka linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa anakhala ku malo amenewa. Ndipo kuyambira 1980, kusunga Malamulo awa, zotsatirazi munthu apolisi brigade.

Gawo 7. zoopsa maulendo osasamba

Ngakhale kukaniza onse, ndi okonda zosangalatsa, amene anaika miyoyo yao mozemba kulowa ndende kudzera manholes ndi kuchimbudzi, maofesi yapansi, ndi zina zotero D..

Mobisa tambirimbiri ndi labyrinths yopapatiza ndipo ndi otsika ndi chimachititsanso chipangizo, kumene n'zosavuta kusochera. Choncho, mu 1793 mlonda mpingo Val-de-chisomo kuyesera kupeza mu quarries wa kosungira wakale vinyo, koma anataya. mtembo wake anapezeka patapita zaka zambiri, popeza anazindikira munthu wosauka pa makiyi ndi zovala otsala.

Modern "olimba mtima" kwambiri, koma apolisi a m'derali akuchita zonse zotheka kuteteza sanakuchitireni wapaulendo mkati.

Mu dziko lino zoona, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa: Eiffel Tower, Louvre, mzinda chodabwitsa wakale, nyanja, minda wosatha wa mpesa ... France Parisian mphanga Komabe, ziyenera kusungidwa kokha mphindi zabwino ndi mphindi osangalala. Kukulepheretsani kupanga zinthu mopupuluma wokonzeka aliyense amene anatha kupita mkati chinthu anati.