Ntchito moyo - ndi chiyani ichi? Chikhazikitso cha Correctional

Sukulu Correctional amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa ana ndi matenda aakulu maganizo.

magawo a chitukuko

Studies m'munda wa maphunziro ndi maphunziro a ana sukulu olumala aakulu aluntha, nkotheka kusiyanitsa nthawi zitatu:

1. Development wa pedagogy ndende kuchokera 1930 mpaka 1978. Panthawi imeneyi, anapeza zinachitikira chiphunzitso, anaphunzira zinthu psycho-pedagogical ndi matenda a chikhalidwe cha ana maganizo kupepera wa nthawi chisanadze sukulu, kukonza chimango malamulo, mabuku sayansi ndi methodological kwa chilengedwe cha wapadera ndende chisanadze uthenga ulalikidwa.
2. Wamakono wa zili ntchito ndende ndi maphunziro mabungwe chisanadze sukulu ana olumala aluntha kuchokera 1978 mpaka 1992.
3. Lathu kwa chizindikiritso oyambirira a matenda m'mutu ana sukulu, psycho-pedagogical kuwukonza kuyan'anila, kugwirizana ndi kuphunzira kwa makolo (1992 - lero).

Mapangidwe ntchito moyo mu sukulu

Pendani nthawi zambiri mapangidwe ake.

M'nthawi ya udindo wapadera ankaimba ndi chiphunzitso L. S. Vygotskogo. Mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo mu Russia zinawululidwa malamulo yaikulu ya mapangidwe malingaliro mwanayo. Research imachitika pa nthawi anasonyeza kuti mapangidwe ntchito apamwamba maganizo a munthu zikadzatha kubadwa. Pa ndondomeko izi zimakhudza chikhalidwe chilengedwe, maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Chifukwa, ophunzitsa deta anali athe kuwunika ubale wa zinthu chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe mu chitukuko cha mwana wamng'ono, anali maziko a ntchito moyo.

M'banja chitukuko cha ana sukulu kuphunzira chiphunzitso

Asayansi anatsimikiza kuti mapangidwe pang'onopang'ono cha chidziwitso cha ana sukulu ndi kuwonjezera mwayi chibadidwe izo. Chiphunzitso L. S. Vygotskogo walola aphunzitsi kukatenga njira zatsopano za ntchito ndalama kwa sukulu.

zamaganizo Soviet D. B. Elkonin, A. N. Leonteva anasonyeza kuti kuphunzira si chinthu kutsogolera mapangidwe nzeru, kupanga njira maganizo, komanso chitukuko cha ntchito yolenga ya ana sukulu. Chifukwa cha ntchito nthawi ya gulu la aphunzitsi ubwenzi wolimba ndi zamaganizo anali zikamera mu theka lachiwiri la atumwi wotsiriza, kuyamba maphunziro pedagogy chisanadze sukulu.

Kufunika kwa kukulitsa maphunziro kwa Correctional

Njira imeneyi imagwira wophunzitsa ana maganizo kupepera sukulu anaonekera mu 1975. Iwo anali pa nthawi iyi wapadera chinamasulidwa mu Moscow sukulu, cholinga ana olumala aluntha. Pa kafukufuku chinapezeka kuti chitukuko nthenda ya kukonzedwa ndi zotheka pamene osauka maphunziro, ntchito chiphunzitso cha nthawi tcheru. Mwana ndi matenda kakulidwe chimafuna zambiri yake pedagogical kukhudzana. Mphamvu ya miyeso ndende ndi maphunziro zimadalira ntchitoyi inayamba. ntchito moyo - ichi ndi analeredwa ndi chitukuko cha ana. The mavuto kale amadziŵika, anayamba pulogalamu amawaitana, m'pamenenso ndi kuti malangizo adzakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino.

Program pa maphunziro a ana maganizo kupepera sukulu

Inasindikizidwa mu 1976. Kuwonjezera kulenga njira yophunzitsa ndiponso maphunziro malangizo omveka kukhazikitsa mabungwe sukulu yophunzitsa ana ndi infringements chitukuko aluntha yapangidwa. Mu njira iyo ananena kuti ntchito moyo - ichi ndi gawo la Defectology, okhazikika pa nkhani ya chitukuko ndi za maphunzilo a wana maganizo kupepera.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, anapitiriza kufufuza mu munda wa pedagogy. retraining kunachitidwa ndi aphunzitsi Correctional, zamaganizo mwana. Chifukwa cha gulu la zamaganizo ndi aphunzitsi sukulu anali cholengedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha kufupi ntchito kutukula la mwana wamng'ono. Ofufuzawa afalitsa magazini angapo sayansi, yomwe ananena kuti ntchito moyo - si chilango, koma nthawi kulimbikitsa ntchito za aphunzitsi. Zikuoneka mu 80s Mu zaka zapitazo ndi pulogalamu yapadera anayamba ndi O. P. Gavrilushkinym, N. D. Sokolovym, anaikira kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa ana maganizo kupepera wa zaka sukulu.

Zimatanthauza chakuti moyo ntchito - izi ndi malangizo ofunika a yophunzitsa, njira mabuku ndi chitukuko ndi maphunziro a ana olumala aluntha. ankalimbikitsa pa chilengedwe cha zinthu mulingo woyenera mapangidwe ntchito ana. mapulogalamu kukonzekera chitukuko cha ana sukulu kwa zaka 3 mpaka 8. Iwo amati chizindikiritso ndi chilangizo cha mwana olemala aluntha.

Ikufotokozanso njira Integrated zochita ana ndi kuyan'anila za kukula m'nzeru.

Limatchula za ntchito moyo ana

Nanga ubwino ntchito? Khama limasonyeza kuti kwenikweni amachita ndi dongosolo zochita umalimbana kugonjetsa mavuto a m'maganizo mwa ana sukulu, kuthandiza ana awa atengere malo achitukuko. Kuwonjezera miyambo timasewero kusewera masewera ntchito sukulu, chisamaliro chapadera anapatsidwa ntchito zojambulajambula. Ana amene ali ndi mavuto aakulu ndi nzeru, aphunzitsi ndi zamaganizo nawo kamangidwe, amapereka makalasi mu sculpting, kupenta. M'kupita kwa zinthu zimenezi, ndiye chitukuko cha luso chabwino galimoto ana sukulu, kukhala zida zawo amapilira, anapanga luso kulankhula kulankhulana. Ngakhale olumala aakulu kakulidwe, ndi njira lamanja la aphunzitsi ndi akatswiri a maganizo, zotheka mapangidwe mfundo zachibwanabwana masamu, komanso kuyala maziko a makhalidwe anthu.

ntchito masiku ano moyo

Kuti maphunziro a ntchito moyo pa nthawiyo? Chidwi aphunzitsi ndi zamaganizo amakopeka kufunafuna njira zatsopano ndi njira ntchito ndi ana sukulu, amene kwanthawi utsalira anzawo kukula m'nzeru. Kwenikweni, ngati njira kuthandiza makonzedwe a ana ndende sukulu ndi mavuto kukula m'nzeru ndi wapadera ndende sukulu. Apa ndi pamene bwino anayamba lolankhula. Correctional ukugwira pansi zochitika zapadera wavomerezedwa ndi unduna wa zamaphunziro, mu ubwenzi ndi ophunzitsa zachipatala polojekitiyo zamaganizo mwana.

Research ku Russian Federation kwa Correctional

Akatswiri ofufuza imachitika m'munda wa pedagogy ndende, makamaka lolunjika pa chilengedwe cha mfundo zapadera za kuzindikira mwamsanga mavuto amene amatipasa yake ya psycho-pedagogical kuwukonza zolakwika anafotokozedwa chitukuko maganizo a ana sukulu. Ntchito akatswiri akhale othandiza, ndende pedagogy ayenera anayamba molumikizana ndi Institute of Family Education.

Ntchito banja ndi njira anthu kuti matenda oyambirira zolakwika m'mutu sanayambebe kupita kusukulu zikutanthauza thandizo katswiri pathologists. Pambuyo akudzizindikiritsa vutoli anathana funso pophunzitsidwa zina kuyenda. Inasintha ntchito yapadera, limene lili zachipatala, komanso madokotala, mphunzitsi, madokotala, mwana wa zamaganizo. Ngati anatsimikizira, matenda zachipatala, kudziwika kwambiri maganizo kuvutika preschooler chitumidwa kwa maphunziro wotsatira ndi kuphunzitsa mu sukulu zapadera.

Ntchito sukulu Oligophrenopedagogics

Nkhani yaikulu ya ntchito sukulu moyo ndi kuphunzira magawo ongolankhula kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa ana maganizo kupepera. Ndi mu m'badwo uno ndi mapangidwe ambiri mofulumira katundu ndi makhalidwe kuti atembenuke kwachilengedwenso wokhalapo. Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko, analenga maziko amene ali wofunikila mapangidwe wotsatira wa luso ndi lophunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kuwonjezera makhalidwe ndi katundu wa psyche wa ana, omwe akunena makhalidwe a, ndi mapangidwe mtima kwa dziko ndi chilengedwe. Ngati nthawi imeneyi simungathe kwathunthu kukonza kukula m'nzeru mwana, izo moyipa bwanji chitukuko wotsatira.

Pomaliza

Correctional posachedwapa chidwi a zamaganizo ndi ophunzitsa, monga ana olumala kwambiri kukula m'nzeru akukhala, mwatsoka, koposa chaka chilichonse. M'chigawo cha zamkaka ambiri zamaganizo, mphunzitsi, ndi mawu dokotala. ntchito yawo ndi kudziwa magawo oyambirira mavuto ndi kulankhula, kukumbukira, ndende ndi zina zotero. D. Ndi Luso antchito awa zikudalira kapena ayi yake wapezeka zolakwika mu kukula m'nzeru ana sukulu. The vuto lalikulu ndi ambiri chokhwima zinthu zogwirizana retardation maganizo, ndi protracted.

GEF m'badwo wachiwiri, anayambitsa mabungwe sukulu yophunzitsa, umalimbana matenda oyambirira a luso lolenga la ana. Mtima kwambiri aphunzitsi mfundo yatsopano maphunziro feduro, anatulukira mwachindunji mabungwe sukulu onse, n'zotheka mwamsanga kuti gulu la ana ndi retardation maganizo, apatseni thandizo n'kotheka, kubweretsa kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri ngati sanayambebe kupita kusukulu: Madokotala, akatswiri a maganizo, malankhulidwe madokotala.