Normal mbali zosiyanasiyana. mlingo wa anachita ndi chiani?

Mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa pathological wakudziko ndi zofanana mphamvu ya zizindikiro m'munda wa kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, sayansi ndi ntchito ya thupi. Onse siyana malingana ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe. M'chigawo yachibadwa a dongosolo kwachilengedwenso mwangwiro Amasintha kuti chilichonse chilengedwe, kutanthauza umoyo wake wonse.

Chidaliro mayendedwe mtundu zamoyo zikutanthauza ntchito pazipita ntchito zoteteza ku mtengo mphamvu zochepa. Chikhalidwe cha thupi Sizotheka kudziwa lagona pa mbali ya mtengo mosiyanasiyana.

Kusiyana zosiyanasiyana zachilendo ndipo nthenda

Osiyanasiyana zotheka a kusintha kwa makhalidwe chibadwa, amene ali mwachindunji amadalira chilengedwe - ndiko mlingo wa anachita. Kudwala imatengedwa boma ndi digiri osakwanira kapena kwambiri zotani pa mlingo kwachilengedwenso. zochita Normal angakhale osiyana.

Vuto liwulo mfundo izi ndi za masiyanidwe a magawo zinchito ndi kagayidwe kachakudya - izo zimatengera chikhalidwe pobadwa. Dziwani kuti pa chitukuko cha ndondomeko pathological pali nthawi zonse zimachitika ndi kuwononga chitetezo. Pali nthawi zina pamene zizindikiro reincarnate mu mzake.

Aliyense akudziwa kuti thanzi amatchedwa boma la bwino ndi kukhala ndi thupi, maganizo ndi ndalama amazionera, osati chabe pakalibe matenda kapena chilema kunja. mayesero ambiri ndi vaccinations kupewa adziwe molondola thupi. Wakudziko zotani - ndi mbali yofunika ya matenda.

Kodi Pirke mayeso (Mantoux)

ana onse amene 'batani "pambuyo chaka choyamba cha moyo, kenako njirayi pasukulu. Zitsanzo akutengedwa kuyesa thupi pamaso pa TB oyambitsa. mayeso Mantoux anatsimikiza ndi kukula kwa kutupa pa malo jekeseni. Pa khungu yomweyo pambuyo mayeso, mukhoza kuwona kuyabwa pang'ono - ndi zenizeni anachita jakisoni tuberculin. Zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa cha kanthu poteteza T lymphocytes - particles izi magazi udindo chitetezo cha m'thupi pa mlingo ma. Akamanena za mayeso ndi kumayambiriro mycobacteria ndi maginito kwa tizilombo kothandiza, iwo pafupi mtunda pamwamba khungu. Nthawi zambiri anatani tuberculin yekha lymphocytes, "bwino" ndi mbali katemera TB. Mu kukhalapo kwa chamoyo Bacillus Koch anachita adzakhala kwambiri. Choncho, mu nkhani iyi, mayeso ali ndi zotsatira zabwino.

lolondola mayeso

Kutupa kumayambiriro tuberculin ndi ankaona mtundu wa ndondomeko matupi awo sagwirizana. Dziwani kuti zitsanzo zabwino si umboni wakuti kuli matenda - Ndi bwino kuti maphunziro a mwatsatanetsatane, monga chifuwa x-ray ndi sputum. Pokhapokha chiphaso deta zonse chofunika, madokotala akhoza kudziwa matenda enieni.

Norma zochita ana ndi akulu akutsatiridwa Pirke chitsanzo n'chosiyana kwambiri mu kukula. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti Achikulire kawirikawiri Wapambana Mayeso a chifuwachi.

Mantoux mayeso: chokhwima msinkhu

Pamaso poika chitsanzo Pirke katswiri amachititsa kudzifufuza waukuluwo. Ngati pali zizindikiro za matenda njirayi, koma akatswiri ambiri amagwiritsa X-ray angathe kuchitidwa monga wamkulu matenda.

Akhoza zosiyanasiyana Mantoux mayeso. Normal wamkulu - papule, amene kukula si upambana 21 mm. Mayeso ntchito kuzindikira odwala matendawa, koma odwala. Amadziwika kuti wamkulu munthu angathe kutenga TB ngati mosalekeza wa Mantu, kotero njira zosavuta kudziwa pachifuwa X-ray imatengedwa.

chibadwa

Pali njira zambiri angasinthe mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe. Kwa makamaka chamoyo kungakhale mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya khalidwe anachita, koma konse kosaoneka mwakale. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika, kulemera ndi mphamvu amadalira ubwino wa zakudya, ndi kalulu ubweya mtundu tinatengera. M'mawu ena, zamoyo adzalandira makhalidwe sitikudziwa ndi mphamvu zochita zina katundu zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Ku mibadwomibadwo anachita chimaposa ponseponse khalidwe.

The masiyanidwe a mtundu kusinthidwa

Lonse anachita ponseponse - izi ndi makhalidwe kachulukidwe olamulidwa ndi polygenes (kulemera, mkaka quality, khungu mtundu). MUNDA masiyanidwe akhoza zosiyanasiyana. Yopapatiza anachita ponseponse amadziwika ndi katundu wina ndipo kusinthidwa kwenikweni (magazi mtundu kapena maso a mtundu).

N'zotheka zimene mkodzo

Waukulu chinthu kudwala yafupika kapena kuchuluka acidity (pH). Norma uric chilengedwe anamuona pa ntchito ya chakudya choyenera. Pankhaniyi, zimene ankaona kuti ndale (pH = 7) kapena pang'ono acidic (pH zimasiyanasiyana 5 mpaka 7). zolozerazi ntchito kuphunzira akulu ndi ana amene anadyetsa zakudya losanganikirana. ana onse woyamwitsa amene anadyetsa mkaka, ali ndi ndale kapena zamchere anachita. The acidity zimadalira chakudya. Pamene zamchere Ndizachidziwikire pa mowa ndalama zambiri masamba, koloko kapena mkate. Acidity zikadzatha ingestion ya mapuloteni ndi mafuta zakudya, mikate yoyera, komanso chifukwa cha kudziletsa yaitali chakudya. Kudziŵa zinthu zosiyana a mkodzo, mlingo pa nthawi omwewo kusintha.

The kachulukidwe ya mkodzo

Panopa, nawonso, ndi zofunika kwambiri pa kafukufukuyu. Munthu athanzi kanjedza osiyanasiyana kuchokera 1003 kuti mayunitsi 1028. Pankhaniyi, mlingo kololeka zotani - ichi kuchokera 1001 kuti 1040. Pa kusintha bwanji kudya bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chokwanira cha madzi. Kuwonjezeka ntchito zimadalira ntchito nyama, potency, kusanza kapena kutsekula m'mimba. kachulukidwe kuchepa akhoza zokhudzana zamasamba.

Kutanthauza zinthu organic mkodzo

tizilombo Awa ndi khalidwe malamulo kusintha. Urinalysis amapereka madokotala chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha kuchuluka ofunikira organic. Nthawi zambiri kuzindikiridwa zigawo zikuluzikulu monga:

• mapuloteni;
• bilirubin;
• shuga;
• urobilin;
• cholic mtundu asidi (inki);
• Indican;
• ketone matupi.

zinthu izi kwachilengedwenso zingadziŵike m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Lero, mtundu zambiri ntchito ya analyzers makina ndi n'kupanga mayeso. Yoyamba akhoza yomweyo zikusonyeza ndende zinthu zamoyo ndi njira yachiwiri ntchito kokha kwa kudziwa mosamala ndipo amapereka ayankhe mu mawonekedwe a "kulibe / olumikizidwa ku makina dongosolo organic mu mkodzo". Ponseponse mu adani zofufuza za munthu wathanzi kungakhale mapuloteni (0.03 magalamu) ndi urobilinogen (6-10 micromol patsiku). Onse ena mwa mankhwala pamwamba mu mkodzo kwina, mwinamwake umasonyeza pamaso pa matenda. Pali nthawi zonse kuchotserapo, monga anakunkha, hypothermia kapena kutenthedwa, mtima kwambiri - onse mosavuta amakwiya kuwonjezeka mu mapuloteni kuti 3-5 ga, komanso limasonyeza kuti zimene mkodzo yachibadwa. Kuwonjezeka mlingo wa chinthu ichi akhoza chifukwa wambirimbiri erythrocytes, leukocytes kapena mabakiteriya.

The precipitate mu mkodzo

Pamene anamaliza kudziŵa thupi katundu wa chuma anatengedwa mmenemo ndi za kukhalapo kwa zinthu organic akugwira ntchito mu wapadera madzi centrifuge. The precipitate chifukwa amayendetsa anafufuza zasayansi pansi simungathe kutiona. Chotero ndondomeko zimathandiza kudziwa chiwerengero chenicheni cha izi kwachilengedwenso zinthu, leukocytes, erythrocytes, zonenepa, epithelium, timibulu mchere, mabakiteriya amatope.

Information za mankhwala organic mu matope ndi mkodzo

The kusanthula onse akutipatsa chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha zili mu thupi la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero cha zomwe n'zosavuta kudziwa kumene kuli matenda.

leukocytes

Ponseponse ya maselo oyera munthu wathanzi imatengedwa kuti:

• 0-3 - kwa anthu;
• 0-5 - mu akazi.

Ngati mkodzo chitsanzo anati kuwonjezeka kwambiri zinthu organic wa deta, tikhoza kudziwa pamaso kutupa mu thupi la munthu.

erythrocytes

Popeza zinthu matenda si anamuona pa chifukwa pellet kapena maselo pano limodzi. Dziwani kuti pali pathological ndi thupi zimayambitsa zinthu zimenezi. Njira yoyamba amagwirizana ndi matenda a dongosolo genitourinary. zimayambitsa thupi ndi: kwambiri zolimbitsa thupi; boma yaitali ataima; kulandira mankhwala mankhwala a sulfa kapena mankhwala anticoagulant lembani. mipata imeneyi zikutanthauza malamulo fluctuation ndipo si nthawi zonse akusonyeza pamaso pa matenda.

zonenepa

zinthu zimenezi ndi izi:

• hyaline;
• granular;
• waxy;
• zaminyewa;
• leukocyte;
• erythrocyte.

Onse mbali pamwamba, kuwonjezera woyamba, akhale kwina matope ndi mkodzo. Zonenepa hyaline mtundu angayambe munthu wathanzi mchikakamizo cha:

• Ozizira madzi (shawa, kuthira, etc ...);
• thupi ndondomeko;
• Akukonda;
• ntchito pa kutentha (mitundu otentha mafuta, otentha nyengo kunja).

Mu milandu, chinthu wapezeka si ndi kudwala, ndi yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha mwachizolowezi, mu nkhani iyi, nayenso, chikukhudza maganizo "zochita wabwinobwino".

epithelium

Ponseponse mu matope ndi mkodzo ndi kupeza selo limodzi lokha, amangoona ndalama wofanana atatu. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya zamera-deta:

• urethral ndege (a mkodzo);
• kusintha ili impso, ureters ndi chikhodzodzo;
• impso.

Popeza miyeso pulayimale ukhondo mu akazi akhoza kumva kuchuluka mlingo wa epithelium squamous. Nthawi zambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo akusonyeza pamaso pa kudwala. Nthawi mitundu aimpso zaminyewa kungasonyeze matenda.

amatope

Norma ntchofu okhutitsidwa anthu athanzi - sanamwe. Zadzidzidzi mchitidwe akusonyeza pamaso pa kudwala mu ziwalo mkodzo dongosolo.

mabakiteriya

The chitayiko mkodzo ndi wabwinobwino wathanzi munthu pakalibe mabakiteriya zimenezi, zomwe ndi zotheka pa nthawi ya matenda mu ziwalo zoberekera.

Salt pomalizira

Mu matope ndi mkodzo ndi mitundu zotsatirazi zinthu kwachilengedwenso: oxalate, urate, trippelfosfaty. Maonekedwe ndi timibulu mu zofufuza akhoza anakhudzidwa ndi kusintha zakudya kapena acidity wa watenga chuma ankadya madzi kuchuluka ndi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri tomato mwatsopano mu chakudya kumabweretsa maonekedwe a oxalates mu mkodzo. Pafupipafupi kumwa chocolate, vinyo (wofiira) nyama ndipo kumayambitsa urate. Ena timibulu mchere kugwera mu matope yekha m'malo acidic, ndipo pali zinthu zimene zimachitika yekha mu zamchere. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti asinthe acidity mu sing'anga mkodzo ndi poyambira pa crystallization salt. Zisanachitike, iwo anali kwathunthu kotero ndipo sakudziwika pomaliza.

Pambuyo powerenga nkhaniyi, mudzatha kuyankha funso mosakayika ponseponse zotani.