Nkhokwe mafuta ndi dziko: nduna limati

Mafuta limatchedwa golide wakuda wa modernity. Nkhokwe mafuta a maiko amafalitsidwa omangidwa. Komabe, mu mafuta lero muyenera zonse.

Mafuta - Zothandiza malasha № 1

Mawu a mafuta amenewa akuimira mafuta mu zinenero zambiri, ali mizu awiri. Mmodzi wa iwo, "Peter" - Chilatini, ndipo limatanthauza "mwala". Chachiwiri, "oleum" - Greek ndi anamasuliridwa kuti "mafuta". Choncho, mafuta kwenikweni - ndi "thanthwe mafuta" (ie, mafuta yotengedwa lapansi).

Amadziwika kuti mafuta ntchito mwakhama India wakale (yomanga), ku Babulo (kwa mankhwala mitembo), mu Ancient Greece (monga mafuta). Kuyambira mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma makumi awiri, kumakhaladi ndiwo mphamvu pa dziko.

Nanga mafuta? mafuta wochuluka chiyambi zachilengedwe, zomwe imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa chimasanduka osiyana. Mtundu wa nkhani zimenezi zingakhale zosiyana: wakuda chuma chikasu ndipo ngakhale wobiriwira. Fungo la mafuta - yeniyeni ndi zambiri zosasangalatsa, chifukwa mankhwala ake zikuchokera.

Nkhokwe mafuta a maiko ali omangidwa kwambiri kugawa. Kwenikweni minda yake yaikulu amangokhala mabacteria ndi pamaso pa amphamvu miyala chivundikiro nyanja.

Mayiko ndi nkhokwe yaikulu mafuta (pa munthu) - uyu ndi Qatar, Kuwait, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela ndi Libya. Mwa njira, ngati inu kuwerengera nkhokwe okwana mafuta mu Qatar mawu a ndalama, lidzatero kuti nzika iliyonse ya dziko chimachititsa biliyoni 6 madola!

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mu dziko lero

Mafuta mu maonekedwe ake yaiwisi pafupifupi konse ntchito. Kupeza mankhwala mwaukadaulo wapatali (mafuta, solvents, etc.), ziyenera kukonzedwa zomera wapadera.

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti mafuta - ndi lofunika kwambiri gwero mphamvu, nawonso ntchito yopanga mapulasitiki, plasticizers osiyana ndi zina, utoto, kupanga labala.

Mafuta - amtengo kuti ali m'njira zambiri. Choyamba, iye anali ndi ntchito yolimba kwambiri ya osalimba mphamvu. Chachiwiri, mafuta ndi mosavuta kunyamula pa mtunda wautali (zachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi kapena mathanki - yaikulu ziwiya m'madzi). Kachitatu, chifukwa ungatithandize osiyanasiyana zinthu zosiyanasiyana. mbali zonse kupanga mafuta mmodzi wa mankhwala wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko msika.

Komabe nkhokwe ya mchere izi zikuwathandiza mofulumira zatha. N'chifukwa chake mayiko ena ndi nkhokwe kwambiri mafuta (makamaka US), anayamba kuyang'ana kwa magwero njira ya mphamvu (mafuta shale, biofuels, etc.).

Features kupanga ano mafuta

Mpaka za 70s m'ma mu mafuta dziko yotengedwa mosathamanga popemphera. Choncho, ngati kuchotsedwa 2 biliyoni matani gwero ichi mphamvu, ndiye mu 1973, mu 1970, kuchokera mu nthaka - matani biliyoni 2.8. Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche buku la mafuta kupanga dziko anakana pang'ono.

Mafuta kupanga pamlingo mafakitale idayamba cha m'ma XIX. Panthawi imeneyi onse m'dziko "kupopa" pa tonnes biliyoni makumi anai a gwero la.

Mayiko otsogolera zitsime zamafuta dziko

Tsopano tione zintchito za gwero yothandiza mphamvu.

Nkhokwe mafuta a maiko ndi osiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ena a boma mosatsata chuma chonse, pamene ena - kwenikweni basking mu golide wakuda. M'mayiko Choyamba dazeni okwana nkhokwe mafuta awa (onani. Table).

Koma buku la kupanga mafuta, atsogoleri dziko azioneka apa:

1. Saudi Arabia.
2. Russia.
3. US.
4. Iran.
5. China.

Mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro awiri - ndi nkhokwe okwana mafuta ndi buku la mafuta kupanga pachaka, n'zosavuta kuwerengera zaka zingati udzakhala wokwanira wa gwero mphamvu iliyonse dziko.

Choncho, nkhawa osachepera ayenera Venezuela - mafuta zidzakhala zokwanira (pa mitengo panopa kupanga) kwa zaka 235. Koma m'mayiko monga Russia, USA, Canada, Qatar, pali chinachake kuganiza. Makamaka, United States nkhokwe mafuta adzakhala ndi zaka 11 zokha, Russia - 22, Canada - 26, Qatar - 45.

mitengo mafuta: Akatswiri 'Zoneneratu

Chibwenzi, mtengo wa mbiya ya mafuta chizindikiro Brent mizu pa kuzungulira 64 madola, m'pamene WTI - $ 61.

mitengo mafuta (komanso chofunika ina pa dziko msika) atsimikiziridwa zochokera chiŵerengero a kapezedwe ndi kufunika pa izo. Lero, kukana pa gwero ichi mphamvu akadali kuposa akumufuna. Kuwonjezera mitengo Pankhaniyi zimakhudza zinthu zina (timawatcha iwo ndale). Tikuyankhula zokhudza nkhondo asilikali Libya ndi Yemen, komanso analamula ntchito shale US.

Akatswiri ambiri a zachuma akuganiza kuti miyezi iwiri yotsatira, mtengo mafuta adzauka kwa $ 70, koma kenako mtengo wa gwero adzayamba kugwa kachiwiri.

Kotala chachitatu cha 2015 pamene ofufuza kulosera za mtengo wa mafuta akhoza kupeza pansi latsopano, kufika $ 50 pa mbiya.

Pomaliza ...

Mafuta ndi mphamvu zofunika thandizo la nthawi yathu. atsogoleri dziko mu nkhokwe mafuta (general) - ndi Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico. Komabe, asayansi akuchenjeza kuti pa mlingo pano kupanga mafuta kuchokera ku gwero zaka 40-80 yekha ndi okwanira mu mayiko ambiri a dziko. N'chifukwa chake ena limati Anayamba kuganiza za magwero mphamvu zina.