Ndicho chilamulo yapachiweniweni chiyani? Lingaliro la ufulu

M'masiku amenewo, pamene lamanja ukapezeka kokha mu mawonekedwe limene tili onse amakonda kuona izo, anthu adakali sankamvetsa ntchito imeneyi "anatengera". Zingatanthauze kuti malamulo abwino chinavomerezedwa ndi boma, kuti iwo akhoza kukhala wapadera? Ndipotu, malamulo mwachizolowezi abwino, koma Udindo apamwamba. Komabe, ngakhale patapita zaka zingapo zana, lamanja wakhala amphamvu kwambiri ndi njira kukonza kasamalidwe misa poyera zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi chikhalidwe. Pang'onopang'ono, lamulo anayamba kudutsa osati mu dera gosudarstvostroeniya, komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu. Mfundo zonse kugula ndi kugulitsa, cholowa ndi zinthu wosakhwima, mwa kulankhula kwina, ndondomeko ya moyo wabwinobwino. Poyamba malamulo amenewa analipo pa mlingo miyambo. Komabe, nthambi lonse la chilamulo anatuluka patapita kanthawi, ndicho boma.

Mbiri ya ufulu

Ambiri a chilamulo lero akufunsa, kodi akamanena za malamulo a mayikowo? Pa dzanja limodzi, mfundo ntchito imeneyi amapereka yankho zochuluka za zimene timaphunzira zina ndi zina - pali zambiri ongolankhula, amene nthawi zambiri maganizo. Zimenezi zimadalira yozungulira mbiri mapangidwe nthambi wachibadwidwe wa lamulo. Choyamba, tisaiwale ntchito yoyamba ya Roma, chifukwa lamulo boma ndi ndondomeko yapachiweniweni zoona, akhala kungoti asayansi ya State. Monga tanena poyamba makampani ndi "moyo" mwa miyambo ndi. Komabe, ndi chitukuko ubale chofunika ndalama, ndi Apennine Peninsula anayamba chitukuko cha chilamulo yaboma, makamaka, malamulo payekha. Koma makampani sanabwere yomweyo. Masiku amenewo, Rome unakula mofulumira ndi maziko za nkhondo zonse za plebs (anthu) ndi patricians (osankhika).

munthu wakale kwambiri komanso wofunika kwambiri zipilala la chilamulo (malamulo a matebulo XII) pansi kuthamanga kwa patricians woyamba unakhazikitsidwa, zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi ndi malamulo a chinsinsi kwa nzika zonse. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, malamulo a mayikowo akuyamba mbiri yake yomweyo.

Malamulo XII matebulo

akonzedwa Izi malangizo ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo woyamba wa codification ufulu wa anthu a dziko. komiti yapadera ya anthu 10 anali wasenza kulenga malamulo. Cholinga cha ntchito yawo inali "kusanja malamulo." Chakale malamulo chabe mulibemo. Choncho, malamulo a zikuphatikizapo wotchuka kwambiri pa nthawi mchikhalidwe malamulo. Choona chidwi n'chakuti codification lilinso zambiri za ntchito procedural m'chilamulo a boma, monga malamulo procedural m'gulu makamaka ena magome. Kumene, chilengedwe cha chotero malamulo wakhala yojambula weniweni. Komabe, panali vuto lalikulu. Anthu asapita malamulo amene si motsatira malamulo, sakhulupirira pali. Choncho, chotsatira angapo zaka zana, zovuta mu ufulu lembani zochita wapadera wa akuluakulu a boma. Mwachindunji malamulo a boma mu mawonekedwe limene tili amakonda kumuona, inakhalapo pa maziko a Corpus juris civilis (malamulo Justinian a). gwero anayankha funso m'njira zambiri kuti ndicho chilamulo boma, chifukwa wapadera kwa nthawi.

Mbiri wotsatira wa malamulo a boma chimakula ndi zamoyo wa anthu. M'nyengo ya malamulo feudalism la chilamulo payekha Roma anali kugwiritsa zochita zambiri malonda. Chitukuko chachikulu zinachitika pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pamene lamulo ambiri akhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ndi boma. Limodzi ndi chitukuko cha mgwirizano wa mayiko anali mapangidwe mtundu wapadera malamulo a mayikowo, amene anatchedwa lamulo mayiko boma.

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha ufulu wa

lamulo Civil la Russia ndi mayiko ena pafupifupi mosasintha mawu ubale malamulo. Kumene, limagwirira wa bwino palokha ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu, koma kuti sasiya kuonetsetsa lingaliro limodzi. Choncho, malamulo a mayikowo - mndandanda wa malamulo malamulo kuti zonse chuma ndipo sanali katundu asapita, zochokera kufanana enieni a zipani kuti kukwaniritsa zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa anthu. Komabe, kumvetsa zimene ndicho chilamulo boma, makampani ayenera kuonedwa amaganizira zinthu mabanja osiyana malamulo, popangidwa ndi tsiku. Komanso malamulo a mayikowo akhoza amatengedwa kuti ndi mwambo wa sayansi. Atatero, masukulu ambiri akukonzekera kutsatilidwa malamulo. Mitu malamulo a mayikowo kuthandiza akatswiri latsopano m'munda wa chilamulo kuphunzira chikhalidwe malamulo ndi akamanena za mafakitale. Monga ulamuliro, lokonzekera ikuchitika pa mlingo ongolankhula ndi othandiza. m'chilamulo ntchito yapachiweniweni kwakukulukulu kuonetsetsa kudziwa odalirika m'munda wa chilamulo malamulo payekha pravorealizatsii.

zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza mabanja malamulo

Monga mu Roma Germany ndi achingelezi malamulo nkhani banja la malamulo, anapereka makampani nkhani, yemweyo. Komabe, malamulo boma ndi ndondomeko yapachiweniweni zosiyana kwambiri m'mayiko pali mtundu womwewo wa boma malamulo. The vuto lalikulu ndi kukafika digiri osiyanasiyana kukhazikitsa mfundo za gawo ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko a Romano-gremanskoy malamulo nthambi banja alipo pamaziko a Kuyanjana pakathi lenileni la zipani, ndi inviolability a mitundu yonse umwini, ufulu wa mgwirizanowo. Komabe, mfundo zimenezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri bwino m'mayiko a chilamulo achingelezi. Nkhani yofanana kumasokonezekanso ku kusiyana lenileni la zipani, koma zimenezi si nkhani chosiyana.

Zinthu ufulu

Poyamba, ife tinapeza kuti nkhani ya ufulu ndi asapita malamulo mu dera zinthu abwino ndi chuma payekha. Nawonso chinthu angatchedwe phindu lonse (chogwirika komanso chosaoneka ndi maso), chifukwa cha zomwe zoona, pali kale paubwenzi. Tikumbukenso kuti malamulo a mayikowo mu Russia lero akukumana ndi njira ya chitukuko ndi kale lonse. Zimenezi zimabweretsa maonekedwe a zinthu zatsopano zomwe ntchito ya gawo ya boma. Malinga ndi nkhani 128 wa Civil Code, chinthu ufulu akuzindikiridwa: katundu (zinthu), ndalama, sheya ndi chuma ndipo sanali katundu ufulu, ubwino chosaoneka ndi maso. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti zinthu zonse akugwa pansi pa lamulo la nchito a boma kukachitika kuti ali ndi mphamvu pa nkhani ya lamulo payekha. Apo ayi, pa za boma, mpongozi lamulo sangatengedwe kukhala.

gulu la zinthu

Pamaziko a malamulo a mayikowo alipo akutsutsa asayansi kuika patsogolo i chosiyana gulu, mwachitsanzo:

1. Malinga ndi zolowa anthu kuti:

- anagwira,

- okha mu makope,

- malire kupezeka.

2. Malinga ndi mtundu wa chuma:

- makina,

- osasunthika.

3. manyumba ndi malo lagawidwa:

- m'dziko, subsoil m'dera

- madzi matupi,

- ali inextricably zogwirizana zinthu dziko.

Palinso gulu ambiri a zinthu zonse za mdziko zakuthupi, amene anazungulira munthu:

- consumables,

- chipangizo,

- Kodi kudya,

- payekha kumatanthauza,

- zinthu ndi makhalidwe generic,

- divisible,

- indivisible.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa gulu la masheya a.

Dziwani kuti posachedwapa msika ndalama pafupi kusanduka mosalekeza. Zimenezi zimabweretsa maonekedwe a magulu atsopano, napempha chizindikiritso malamulo. Choncho, pali sheya zotsatirazi:

- kukalembetsa,

- ndi chilolezo,

- khalidwe la katundu,

- ndalama,

- makampani,

- zopelekedwa,

- uncertified.

Komanso zinthu malamulo a boma lili pa nambala osati zinthu za mawu chuma, mwachitsanzo, si kampani (chuma) ufulu, ntchito ndi misonkhano, ndi zina zotero. N. aluntha katundu ali ndi kagawo kakang'ono osiyana mu njira ya lamulo malamulo, amene amasonyeza kufunika kwake yapadera.

Ntchito ya ufulu zambiri amadalira makhalidwe a lamulo la chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, malo ali yeniyeni khalidwe malamulo ndi njira lamulo, ndicho chonse mokakamiza wotuluka zonse kwathunthu chinthu ichi. Pankhaniyi, pamaso pa kuda ndi kuyesetsa njira ya lamulo ubale, kuti ndi mwamtheradi lililonse kwa gawo ya boma.

Njira lamulo ubale milandu malamulo a mayikowo

Monga nthambi zina za sayansi, njira mu malamulo a mayikowo - mndandanda wa njira, njira ndi luso njira imene pali chikoka cha lamulo kwa abale ena chikhalidwe. Iwo makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo zikuluzikulu (optionality, kuyanjana kwa maphwando ndi ufulu wa mgwirizano). Choncho, kufunika lalikulu dispositive njira malamulo lamulo, ozikidwa pa chifuniro cha zipani leni. M'mawu ena, anthu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito kapena ayi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Malamulo mu malamulo a mayikowo - mwalamulo "enaake", umene ntchito ngati Mwachitsanzo, kodi sanena mgwirizano mu mgwirizano. Ntchito ya njira kuyesetsa mu malamulo a mayikowo ali chabe. Tingaone zimenezi mu ochepa malamulo oletsa kulili malamulo ndi malangizo a makampani. Chotero chiŵerengero cha zapansi awiri methodological kupangidwa panthawi ya kukhalapo kwa malamulo a Aroma. Achilamulo nthawi analekanitsa dera zinthu boma ndi ena. yotsirizira sangakhoze akatsatira limodzi mwa magulu amatenga kuwalepheretse. Tidziwanso kuti Kuyanjana pakathi pa mikono - ndi maziko mwachindunji njira discretionary.

Malinga ndi mfundo za ufulu wa ochita gawo yapachiweniweni ndi ufulu kuganiza zimenezi anapereka osati anapereka chifukwa malamulo a boma. Komabe, yotsirizira sangakhale chosiyana mfundo za malamulo ndi zolowa malonda. Ambiri kuchuluka kwa njira discretionary limachititsa zinthu makamaka malamulo kugwiritsa ntchito njirazo angapo kuchoka. Izo zimasonyeza bwinobwino, ngati mukuwerenga ntchito malamulo a mayikowo, maloya anaphunzira ku yunivesite.

Kapangidwe nkhani ya malonda

Ntchito ya ufulu, ndipo makamaka, limagwirira cha ndondomekoyi zimatengera mwachindunji nkhani. Ngakhale kaya kufanana leni awo, anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo kwakukulukulu amasiyana Chrixitu. Phunziro la malamulo a mayikowo kungakhale momwe zamoyo nkhope osati (munthu ndi kampani, ogwira ntchito, olimba, gulu). Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu za mafakitale. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira zina zofuna opangidwa ndi anthu onse, popanda yekha: kupezeka kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Komanso, kulongosola malamulo a nkhani zina silipita Mwachitsanzo, limanena. Izi zinagwira mavuto aakulu a ufulu wa pa dzanja limodzi, pali Kuyanjana pakathi pa maphwando ndi mayina zoimbira m'makalata, pa ena - zina zisudzo amanenedwa ndi udindo osiyana malamulo.

Makhalidwe a anthu

Kukhala zonse kunachitika nkhani ubale malamulo boma, muyenera kukhala mphamvu malamulo, zomwe zanenedwa kale.

1. Kukhoza malamulo - akuchitira zotheka kuti mugwire maufulu ndi kubala maudindo ena. Iwo anapatsidwa ndi nzika iliyonse chibadwire kotero m'njira ali yemweyo mwamtheradi aliyense. Concept ndi mitundu ya ufulu ndi udindo angapezeke mu Constitution, zochita boma ndi malamulo, ndi zina zotero. N.

2. yamtunduwu - amatha ufulu wawo ndi kusamalira iwo. Iwo akhoza kukhala a mitundu itatu: full, tsankho ndi zochepa. Komanso, pali m'maulamuliro malamulo a anthu, pamene kwenikweni sangathenso. Nthawi zambiri, voliyumu ya gulu anatsimikiza ndi msinkhu wa munthu. Ndi zaka 18 aliyense ali mphamvu zonse mwalamulo. Koma, malinga ndi khotilo, munthu wina akhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina moyo.

mabungwe alamulo ndi boma

Ambiri mwa mavuto a malamulo a mayikowo zokhudzana ndi tanthauzo la machitidwe awiri a anthu. Pa dzanja limodzi, boma - ndi chimodzimodzi malamulo chilli, monga kampani. Koma pamaziko a pamaso pa ulamuliro wa nkhaniyi lili ndi ziwalo zina. Mwachitsanzo, boma sumabala udindo yapachiweniweni pa malo ambiri. Komabe, contractual kapena ena maudindo asapita phunziro limapezeka zoona, chimodzimodzi malamulo chilli. Choncho, udindo wa boma kwenikweni maganizo ndi tsiku. Pankhani anthu malamulo, ali ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

- mgwirizano wa bungwe,

- Katundu mosalidwa,

- pa udindo wa,

- pankhani yapachiweniweni zonse akhale mmalo awo.

lamulo International Civil

lamulo International Civil ndi ya mapangano lonse ndi malamulo zoweta malamulo mbali yofunika kwambiri malamulo a mayikowo m'munda wa mgwirizano padziko lonse. nthambi zimachitika ku chitukuko mofulumira contractual, malonda, banja ndi abale malamulo a mayikowo mu ndondomeko padziko lonse. akonzedwa Izi malamulo amalola nzika za malamulo a mayikowo kucheza ndi mzake ngakhale sakhala Mzika ya boma limodzi. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha zinthu yapachiweniweni malamulo a khalidwe lonse ndi "maulendo panganoli", chidule monga "maulendo".

Motero, m'nkhani, ife funso, kodi akamanena za malamulo a mayikowo, komanso anayesa kuwona mbali mu makampani. Pomaliza, tisaiwale kuti malamulo a boma - ndi dera lalikulu la ntchito malamulo, chifukwa ambiri kugwirizana ndi moyo wa nzika. Pankhani makampani padziko lonse, izo ochuluka ndikukhazikitsa mu malamulo wachibadwidwe wa mayiko ambiri, chifukwa udindo wa ufulu zikuchulukirachulukira tsiku lililonse mu dziko.