Ndi kabisidwe mauthenga ndi processing chake n'chiyani?

M'dziko pali kuwombola zonse utuluke zambiri. magwero kungakhale anthu, zipangizo luso, zinthu zosiyana, zinthu zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Kudziŵa mungathe monga chinthu wosakwatiwa, kapena angapo.
Kuti athe kuyankhulana imodzi wolemba pulogalamu ikuchitika ndi deta processing pa mbali chopatsilira (deta maphunziro ndi akatembenuka iwo mu mawonekedwe oyenera translation, processing ndi kusunga), kutumiza ndi decoding pa mbali wolandila (akatembenuka deta yosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe original). Izi mavuto zogwirizana: gwero komanso wolandirayo ayenera kukhala ofanana deta processing ma aligorivimu, kapena kabisidwe-decoding ndondomeko kadzakulakani. 'Kala' ikusonyeza ndi processing wa nkhani mawonekedwe ndi matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi zambiri zomwe zagwiridwa pamaziko a makompyuta.

Kabisidwe zambiri pa kompyuta

Pali njira zambiri deta (malemba, manambala, zithunzi, kanema, phokoso) ndi kompyuta. Zonse zomwe kukonzedwa ndi kompyuta, ankaimira code bayinare - ndi manambala 1 ndi 0 amatchedwa Akamva. Mwaukadaulo, njira akuyendera lophweka: 1 - ndi chizindikiro magetsi alipo, 0 - kwina. Mukuona kwa umunthu, zizindikiro izi ndi kovuta kwa maganizo - mizere italiitali ya ziro ndi amene akuyimira zizindikiro ozimbayitsidwa zovuta yomweyo kumvetsa. Koma izi mtundu kujambula yomweyo chikusonyeza kuti wolemba pulogalamu mfundo zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero 8 eyiti manambala bayinare mawonekedwe zikuwoneka ngati akuyambira zotsatirazi Akamva: 000001000. Koma n'zovuta mwamuna, kompyuta. Zamagetsi mosavuta kusamalira zinthu zambiri zophweka kuposa pang'ono zovuta.

lemba kabisidwe

Pamene tikuyesetsa batani pa kiyibodi, kompyuta analandira kachidindo enieni batani mbamuikha akuyembekezera mu muyezo khalidwe ASCII tebulo (American Code kwa Information kutonthozana), "amamvetsa" zimene batani ndi mbamuikha, ndi transmits m'ndondomekozi kwa processing (mwachitsanzo, khalidwe kuwonetsera ). Pakuti kasungidwe khalidwe kachidindo mu mawonekedwe bayinare ntchito 8 Akamva, kotero chiwerengero pazipita osakaniza wofanana 256. The oyamba otchulidwa 128 ntchito ulamuliro otchulidwa, manambala ndi makalata. Theka lachiwiri cholinga cha zizindikiro za boma wawo.

lemba kabisidwe

Kudzakhala kosavuta kumvetsa zimene ndi kabisidwe mauthenga, monga chitsanzo. Taganizirani English zizindikiro khalidwe "C" ndi Russian kalata "C". Onani kuti zizindikiro kukopedwa likulu, ndi zizindikiro zawo zimasiyana lowercase. English khalidwe amaonekera 01000010, ndi Russian - 11010001. Mfundo yakuti munthu pa zenera awoneka mofanana, kompyuta amaona mosiyana. M'pofunikanso kulabadira chakuti zizindikiro za anthu otchulidwa 128 woyamba kukhala yemweyo, koma kuyambira 129 ndi chimodzi malamulo bayinare mwina zizigwirizana makalata osiyanasiyana, pa tebulo code. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo decimal 194 akhoza zizigwirizana KOI8 kalata "b" mu SR1251 - "B" mu ISO - «T», ndi SR866 kabisidwe ndi Mus ambiri m'ndondomekozi sakugwirizana khalidwe aliyense. Choncho, pamene inu kutsegula mutu, tikuona mmalo mwa mawu Russian alphanumeric khalidwe abracadabra, kutanthauza kuti zimenezi kabisidwe si kwa ife ndipo muyenera kusankha zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana ndalama.

manambala kabisidwe

Mu dongosolo bayinare atengedwa yachiwiriyo yekha mfundo - 0 ndipo 1. Zonse zikuluzikulu ndi manambala bayinare ntchito sayansi otchedwa bayinare masamu. Zimenezi ndi makhalidwe awo. Mwachitsanzo, nambala 45, ankayimira pa kiyibodi. chiwerengero aliyense ali eyiti manambala yake kachidindo mu tebulo ASCII code, kotero chiwerengero ali mabayiti awiri (16 Tinthu): 5 - 01,010,011 4 - 01.000.011. Kugwiritsa ntchito nambala iyi mu mawerengedwe, izo lotembenuzidwa ndi ma aligorivimu wapadera dongosolo bayinare chiwerengero mu mawonekedwe a eyiti manambala bayinare chiwerengero: 45 - 00101101.

'Kala' ikusonyeza ndi processing wa zithunzi

Mu 50 ntchentche pa kompyuta amene zofala kwambiri ntchito mu zolinga za sayansi ndi asilikali, kwa nthawi yoyamba anazindikira kuwonetsera mawonekedwe deta. Lero, zowonera wa mfundo kompyuta, ndi ofanana ndi bwino kuti chodabwitsa munthu, ndipo m'masiku amenewo zinabala ndi Kuukira ulemu waukulu ntchito ndi luso. Mwina anakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ya psyche anthu: chifaniziro zithunzi mudziwe bwino m'mimba ndipo anavomera. A adzatumpha kwambiri patsogolo chitukuko deta zowonera zinachitika 80s, pamene kabisidwe ndi processing wa zithunzi zambiri analandira chitukuko wamphamvu.

Analogi ndi zithunzi apawokha ntchito

Graphic mfundo ndi mitundu iwiri: analogi (a kupenta ndi mosalekeza kusintha mtundu) ndi apawokha (chithunzi wopangidwa mwa kuchuluka kwa pixels mumtundu). Pakuti mayiko ntchito zithunzi pa kompyuta awo anawatero - okhudza malo zitsanzo zosankhidwazi, umene aliyense mchitidwe akapatsidwa mtundu mtengo zenizeni mu mawonekedwe a nambala yapadera. 'Kala' ikusonyeza ndi processing wa nkhani mawonekedwe ofanana ntchito ndi zithunzi lopangidwa ndi zidutswa ambiri yaing'ono. Mmene khalidwe kabisidwe amadalira kukula kwa madontho (ang'onoang'ono kukula kwa mchitidwe wa - mfundo adzakhala ndi kuchuluka wamkulu pa m'dera wagawo, - khalidwe apamwamba) ndi kukula kwa phale la mitundu ntchito (apamwamba a limati mtundu akhoza kutenga mfundo iliyonse, motero, onyamula mudziwe zambiri, ndi bwino khalidwe ).

Kupanga ndi kasungidwe chintchito

Pali zikuluzikulu chithunzi akamagwiritsa - vekitala, raster, ndi fractal. Payokha ankaona osakaniza raster ndi vekitala - kofala nthawi matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi wathu 3D-zithunzi woimira njira ndi njira yomanga zinthu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena danga pafupifupi. 'Kala' ikusonyeza ndi processing wa nkhani mawonekedwe ndi matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi ndi osiyana aliyense mtundu chifaniziro.

bitmap

Akamanena za mtundu likutipatsa chithunzi cha lagawidwa yaing'ono madontho wachikuda (pixels). Chapamwamba kumanzere mfundo kulamulira. Wolemba pulogalamu chithunzi mfundo zonse akuyamba ku ngodya kumanzere kwa mzere chifanizo ndi mzere, aliyense mapikiselo amalandira mtundu code. Kusamutsidwa bitmap kuchita masamu ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha mfundo pa nkhani buku lililonse (potsata chiwerengero cha mitundu mitundu). The apamwamba chigamulocho wa polojekiti, m'pamenenso chiwerengero cha mizere raster ndi madontho mu mzera uliwonse, motero, apamwamba fano khalidwe. bayinare kachidindo angagwiritsidwe ntchito processing deta chifaniziro cha mtundu raster, kuyambira kuwala kwa mfundo ndi ndondomeko ya malo ake akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati integers.

vekitala chifaniziro

Wolemba pulogalamu zithunzi ndi matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi mauthenga mtundu vekitala yafupika chakuti chinthu likutipatsa ukufanizidwa mu mawonekedwe a zigawo pulayimale ndi arcs. Mzere katundu, zomwe n'zochokera chinthu ndi mawonekedwe (molunjika kapena pamapindikira), mtundu, makulidwe, kalembedwe (kumugwetsera kapena mzere olimba). Anthu mizere atsekedwa, katundu wina - kudzaza zinthu zina kapena mtundu. Udindo wa chinthu anatsimikiza ndi mfundo za chiyambi ndi mapeto a mzere ndi utali wozungulira kupindika waku Arc lapansi. Volume zithunzi mu vekitala mtundu Raster anaiwononga, koma amafuna mapulogalamu kuona chintchito wa mtundu uwu. Palinso mapulogalamu - vectorizers yosintha zithunzi raster mu vekitala.

fractal zithunzi

Mtundu wa likutipatsa monga vekitala ndi, maziko masamu, koma ndi zosakaniza m'mafuta chilinganizo yokha. Mu kukumbukira kompyuta palibe kusunga zithunzi kapena zinthu chithunzi limachokera ku chilinganizo yokha yokha. Charts wa mtundu uwu ndi yabwino kuti muzione yosavuta osati dongosolo zonse, komanso mafanizo ovuta, simulating, mwachitsanzo, malo masewera kapena emulators.

Sound mafunde

Kodi kabisidwe mauthenga, koma izo zikhoza anasonyeza chitsanzo cha ntchito ndi phokoso. Ife tikudziwa kuti dziko ndilodzala phokoso. Kuyambira kale, anthu anaganiza momwe phokoso amapangidwa - funde la mpweya wothinikizidwa ndi rarefied, okhudza likalowa m'makutu. Munthu kuona yoweyula ndi pafupipafupi 16 Hz 20 kHz (1 hedzi - oscillation imodzi wachiwiri). Mafunde onse amene pafupipafupi Phokoso kunja osiyanasiyana uyu akutchedwa phokoso.

katundu wa phokoso

kuwomba makhalidwe ndi kamvekedwe, timbre (phokoso mtundu wa potsata waveform a), kutalika (pafupipafupi zomwe anatsimikiza mtima pafupipafupi oscillations pa wachiwiri) ndi buku limene zimadalira mphamvu ya Phokoso. Zokuzira mawu enieni imakhala ndi osakaniza a oscillation amgwirizano chili ndi kuliika wa mafurikwense. Kunjenjemera ndi pafupipafupi wotsikitsitsa amatchedwa kamvekedwe achikhazikitso, ena - apamaliro. A mtundu kamvekedwe wapadera amapereka phokoso - osiyana kuchuluka kwa apamaliro chibadidwe ndendende ungabva tenepa. kamvekedwe kuti, tingathe kuzindikira mawu a okondedwa, kusiyanitsa phokoso la zoimbira.

Program ntchito ndi phokoso

Makonzedwe pa magwiridwe a msonkhano ogaŵikana mitundu ingapo: zofunikira ndi madalaivala kwa makadi phokoso, kugwira nawo pa mlingo wochepa, akonzi zomvetsera kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi zomvetsera ndi ntchito zotsatira zosiyanasiyana iwo, mapulogalamu synthesizers ndi converters, analogue-digito ( ADC) ndi digito ndi analogi (DAC).

kabisidwe zomvetsera

'Kala' ikusonyeza za mfundo matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi ndi kutembenuza ndi analogi phokoso mu chikhalidwe apawokha kwa processing yabwino. ADC amalandira athandizira analogi chizindikiro amaona matalikidwe ake pa intervals ena nthawi ndi zotuluka akuyambira digito kusintha deta matalikidwe. Palibe kusintha thupi amapezeka.

The linanena bungwe mbendera ndi apawokha Komabe, zambiri matalikidwe muyeso pafupipafupi (nyemba), ndi yeniyeni linanena bungwe mbendera limafanana athandizira bwino wolemba pulogalamu mipita ndi processing matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi zambiri. Zitsanzo ndi umatchedwanso anatilamula ndondomeko ya deta digito timapemphera ADC lapansi. Dongosololi wokha sukhalira anaitana zitsanzo zosankhidwazi, mu Russian - mumtengo.

Kusintha osiyanitsidwa anachita ndi DAC zochokera analandira athandizira deta ndi digito pa nthawi inayake kumabweretsa m'badwo wa magetsi mbendera zofunika matalikidwe.

magawo zochepa chabe pamalangizo

Seplirovaniya magawo waukulu osati pafupipafupi muyeso, komanso pokha - yolondola kuyeza kusintha matalikidwe aliyense nyemba. The digitization zolondola imafalikira pamene mtengo uliwonse unit wa nthawi mbendera matalikidwe, apamwamba khalidwe la chizindikiro pambuyo ADC, ndi apamwamba yolondola kuchira linachitika ku kutembenuka iwowo.