Nagorno-Karabakh. Mbiri ndi zofunikira za mkangano

Nagorno-Karabakh ndi dera la Transcaucasia, lomwe ndilo gawo la Azerbaijan. Pa nthawi ya kugwa kwa USSR, panali nkhondo yomenyana ndi nkhondo, monga mizu ya Armenia inakhala ndi anthu ochulukirapo a ku Nagorno-Karabakh. Chofunika kwambiri cha nkhondoyi ndi chakuti Azerbaijan imapereka malamulo oyenera ku gawo lino, komabe, anthu a m'derali amakonda kulowera ku Armenia. Pa May 12, 1994, Azerbaijan, Armenia ndi Nagorno-Karabakh adatsimikizira ndondomeko yomwe inakhazikitsa chigamulocho, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti anthu asamapitirizebe kumangoganizira za nkhondoyi.

Kupita ku mbiri

Mabuku a ku Armenia amanena kuti Artsakh (dzina lakale la Armenia) linatchulidwa koyamba m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Malinga ndi mabukuwa, Nagorno-Karabakh anali mbali ya Armenia ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages. Chifukwa cha nkhondo zogonjetsa ku Turkey ndi Iran mu nthawi ino, gawo lalikulu la Armenia lidayang'aniridwa ndi mayiko awa. Makina apamanja a ku Armenia, kapena melikstva, panthawiyo omwe anali m'dera la Karabakh zamakono, adakhalabe osiyana.

Azerbaijan amadziwa bwino nkhaniyi. Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku wamba, Karabakh ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zakale kwambiri za mbiri yawo. Mawu oti "Karabakh" mu Azerbaijani amatembenuzidwa motere: "gara" amatanthauza wakuda, ndipo "bugudu" ndi munda. Kale m'zaka za zana la 16, pamodzi ndi zigawo zina, Karabakh anali mbali ya boma la Safavid, ndipo kenako anakhala Khanate wodziimira.

Nagorno Karabakh mu nthawi za Ufumu wa Russia

Mu 1805, Karabakh khanate inali yolamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Russia, ndipo mu 1813 Nagorno-Karabakh inakhalanso gawo la Russia pansi pa Gyulistan Pangano la Mtendere. Kenako, malinga ndi mgwirizano wa Turkmenchay, komanso mgwirizano umene unachitikira mumzinda wa Edirne, anthu a ku Armenia anasamukira ku Turkey ndi Iran ndipo anaikidwa m'madera a Northern Azerbaijan, kuphatikizapo ku Karabakh. Motero, chiwerengero cha mayikowa ndi chiyambi cha Armenia.

Ku USSR

Mu 1918, dziko latsopano la Azerbaijan Democratic Republic linakhazikitsidwa ku Karabakh. Pafupifupi panthawi imodzimodziyo, Republic of Armenia imati chigawo ichi, koma ADR sichidziwa izi . Mu 1921, gawo la Nagorno-Karabakh lomwe liri ndi ufulu wodzisankhira likuphatikizidwa mu Azerbaijan SSR. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Karabakh analandira dera lodziwika (NKAR).

Mu 1988, Msonkhano wa Atsogoleri a Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region akupempha akuluakulu a AzSSR ndi Armenian Soviet Socialist Republics ndipo akupereka kupititsa dziko la Armenia. Pempholi silinaperekedwe, chifukwa cha chiwombankhanga chotsutsa chinadutsa mumzinda wa Nagorno-Karabakh. Zisonyezero za mgwirizano zinagwirizidwanso ku Yerevan.

Kulengeza ufulu

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1991, pamene Soviet Union idayamba kugwa, Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh inalandira Chilengezo m'dera la Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. Komanso, kuwonjezera pa NKAR, mbali ya gawo la kale la AzSSR inaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo lake. Malingana ndi zotsatira za referendum zomwe zinachitika pa 10 December chaka chomwecho ku Nagorno-Karabakh, anthu oposa 99% a chigawochi adasankha ufulu wodzipereka kuchokera ku Azerbaijan.

Ziri zoonekeratu kuti referendum iyi sinadziwike ndi akuluakulu a Azerbaijan, ndipo ntchito yolengeza inali kulembedwa ngati yosaloledwa. Komanso, Baku adagonjetsa ulamuliro wa Karabakh, umene unali nawo mu Soviet Union. Komabe, njira yoonongeka idayambika kale.

Mtsutso wa Karabakh

Chifukwa cha ufulu wa dzikoli, a Armenian detachments ananyamuka, omwe Azerbaijan anayesa kutsutsa. Nagorno-Karabakh inalandira thandizo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma Yerevan, komanso ochokera kudziko ladziko lina m'mayiko ena, kotero asilikali anatha kuteteza derali. Komabe, akuluakulu a Azerbaijan adakwanitsa kukhazikitsa zigawo zambiri, zomwe poyamba zinalengezedwa ngati gawo la NKR.

Mbali iliyonse yotsutsana ikubweretsa ziŵerengero zake za kutayika mu mgwirizano wa Karabakh. Poyerekeza deta izi, tingathe kunena kuti kwa zaka zitatu pofotokozera ubalewu, anthu 15-25,000 adafa. Ovulalawa anali ndi anthu oposa 25,000, oposa 100,000 omwe anakakamizidwa kuchoka m'nyumba zawo.

Kukhazikitsa mtendere mwamtendere

Zokambirana, pamene magulu anayesera kuthetsa mkangano mwamtendere, adayamba mwamsanga pokhapokha NKR yodziimira yodziwika. Mwachitsanzo, pa September 23, 1991, msonkhano unachitikira, womwe unachitikira pulezidenti wa Azerbaijan, Armenia, komanso Russia ndi Kazakhstan. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1992, bungwe la OSCE linakhazikitsa gulu kuti likhazikitse mgwirizano wa Karabakh.

Ngakhale kuyesayesa konse kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti asiye kukhetsa mwazi, kunali kumayambiriro kwa 1994 kuti moto unatha. Pa May 5, protocol ya Bishkek inasindikizidwa mu likulu la Kyrgyz , pambuyo pake ophunzirawo anasiya moto patapita sabata.

Maphwando a nkhondoyo sanathe kugwirizana pazochitika za Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan imayenera kulemekeza ulamuliro wake ndipo imayesetsa kukhalabe ndi umphumphu. Zolinga za Republican wodzidalira zimatetezedwa ndi Armenia. Nagorno Karabakh ikuyimira kuthetsa mwamtendere nkhani zotsutsana, pamene akuluakulu a boma akutsindika kuti NKR ikhoza kuimirira payekha.