Munda wamaluwa, Moscow: mbiri ndi chithunzi

Amakhulupirira kuti mbiri ya Garden Ring of Moscow imayamba ndi XIX atumwi. Kenaka dzenje linafukula kuzungulira mzinda wakale, litadzazidwa, ndipo khoma la Dziko lapansi linawonongedwa. Kumalo ano anayamba kuonekera kunyumba ndi minda ndi minda yakutsogolo, misewu inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe inali pambali ya likulu.

Mzinda wa Earth

Mu 1591, lamulo la Boris Godunov lapansi linayambira kuzungulira Moscow. Pasanathe chaka, mthunzi unalumikizidwa, pamwamba pake pamakhala khoma lachikopa, kukwera mamita asanu. Panali anthu ogontha okwana zana komanso nsanja 34 zochokera kunja. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pamtunda kuchokera kunja, mtsinje unakumbidwa, ndipo kenako unadzazidwa ndi madzi. Kufunika kwa malo ozungulira mzindawu kunayambika pamene Moscow inagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Khan Kazi-Giray.

Anthu okhala mumzindawu ankatchedwa Skorodomom, dzina lake - Earth Town. Komanso, gawo pakati pa White City ndi kampanda ndi mtsinje wa Moskva anayamba kutchedwa. Kumeneko ankakhala amalonda ang'onoang'ono, amisiri ndi anthu osauka. Koma Zamoskvorechye ankakhala makamaka ndi ofuula. N'chifukwa chake malo ano amatchedwanso Streletskaya Sloboda.

Mu Nthawi ya Mavuto (1598-1613), makoma a oki pamodzi ndi nsanja anawotchedwa, koma dzenje linakhalabe. Pambuyo pake panaikidwa maluwa otukuka pamwamba pa nkhuni zakuda.

Moyo Wachiwiri wa Earth Shaft

Kumapeto kwa zaka za XVII, dongosolo lachisokonezoli linatayika cholinga chake choyambirira. Iye anasandulika kukhala mtundu wa miyambo m'mphepete mwa mzindawo. Kuchokera m'madera osiyanasiyana pakhomo lolowera ku Moscow, misika inayamba. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo anali Smolensky ndi Sukharevsky.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII, mthunzi, ndipo ndi ndendeyo, inagwetsedwa pang'ono, ndipo pamalo awo misewu ndi mabwalo onse anapangidwa. Mu 1812, nyumba zonse zomwe zinali mbali zonse za makoma ake zinawonongedwa ndi moto.

Mapangidwe

Mu 1816, adasankha kuwononga mabwinja a Earth Wall, ndipo pansi pomwepo pansi ndikumwalira. Komiti Yomanga Nyumba ya Moscow pa tsamba lino inakonza kulengedwa kwa msewu waukulu wodutsa ndi miyala yokhala ndi miyala. Pansi pa misewu ndi malo oyalapo 25 mamita anatengedwa kuchokera kutalika pakati pa mizere iwiri ya nyumba, yomwe idatha kufika mamita 60. Malo otsalawo, eni ake anayenera kuswa minda yoyamba pamasom'pamaso. Kotero anayamba kupanga munda wa munda (Moscow).

Pofika chaka cha 1830 ntchitoyi idakwaniritsidwa. Popanda minda yam'mbuyo, panali malo ochepa chabe omwe anali ku Zamoskvorechye ndi malo ozungulira. Smolensky ndi Zubovsky shafts anasandulika ku boulevards, ndipo Novinsky - pamalo omwe ankafunira zikondwerero za anthu, kotero anakhalabe mpaka 1877.

Mphepete mwa Munda wa ku Mzinda wa Moscow unayamba kukula pang'ono. Mu zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri za m'ma 1900, panali njira zogwiritsira ntchito matabwa, kusuntha ndi kuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wa akavalo. Mtundu woterewu unkatchedwa kavalo. Mu 1912 ilo linalowetsedwa ndi zochitika zamakono kwambiri. Anali magetsi opangira kale. Njira yomwe iwo amayendamo inali yotchedwa "B", ndipo anthu ankatcha "bug".

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana, Garden Ring (Moscow) inayamba kumangidwa mwamphamvu. Kumene kunalibe nyumba zazing'ono, osati maulamuliro ndi zamalonda, komanso nyumba zomanga nyumba zambiri.

Monga mukudziwira, kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana izi sikunali bata. Mu 1905, panthawi ya kusintha kwa nkhondo, nkhondo zowonongeka zinamenyedwa m'mabwalo ndi misewu yomwe amapanga munda wamaluwa. Mbali yake ya kumadzulo inali yaikulu kwambiri ndi mipiringidzo, yomwe inalengedwa kuti iteteze madera ogwira ntchito. Nkhondo zowononga kwambiri pakati pa magulu a boma ndi mabungwe obwezeretsa zidachitika ku Kudrinskaya, Krymskaya ndi Zubovskaya malo.

Pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha Revolution ya Oktoba ya 1917 mu nyumba zomwe zinamangidwa kale, zomwe zinafunidwa kuchokera kwa eni ake, antchito anadzikhazikitsa okha. Kuwonjezera apo, nyumba zatsopano ndi zogona zinkamangidwanso, ndipo posakhalitsa misika ya Smolensk ndi Sukharevsky inatsekedwa.

Zosintha zina

M'zaka 30 zinayamba kugwiritsira ntchito ndondomeko yowamangidwanso kwa likulu, pomwe Garden Garden inatsekedwa. Moscow ndi maonekedwe ake pang'onopang'ono anasintha. Mabokosi oyendetsa njoka yam'madzi anali odzaza ndi phula. Komanso anafutukula njirayo powononga minda yam'mbuyo, ndipo trams yomwe ikuyenda pamsewu "B" inalowetsedwa ndi mabasi atsopano. Komabe magalimoto onsewa adakonzedwa kokha mu 1963. Mabwalo awiri anamangidwa kudutsa Mtsinje wa Moskva: Krasnokholmsky ndi Krymsky.

Pamene Nkhondo Yaikulu Yopembedza Patsogolo inayamba, Mzere wa Munda wa Munda unalimbikitsidwa m'madera ndi malo otetezera. Ndipo mkatikati mwa chilimwe cha 1944, asilikali a ku Germany atagonjetsedwa ndi Soviet Army, ankhondo a ku Byelorussia anagonjetsa akaidi ambirimbiri.

Nkhondoyo itatha, kumangidwe kwakukulu kwa mzindawu kunapitiriza. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zoterezi kuti zisinthidwe chimaphatikizapo Mphindi Wamaluwa. Moscow, chithunzithunzi chake chimene chinapulumuka nthawi imeneyo, pang'onopang'ono chinayamba kuyang'ana kwamakono. Kuchokera mu 1948 ndi zaka 6 zotsatira m'dera la Garden Ring, makoma asanu ndi awiri otchuka kwambiri a Stalinist anamangidwa.

M'zaka za m'ma 1950, Mzere wa msewu unayikidwa, mbali ya kum'mwera yomwe idachoka pa siteshoni "Park Kultury" kupita ku "Kurskaya" pansi pake. M'miyezi khumi ikubwera, Mzere wa Munda wa Edeni unapitiriza kukonzanso. Misewu ina yowonjezereka ndipo idasandulika kukhala njira zamakono zomwe zili ndi malo osungirako zinthu, zowonjezereka, magulu akuluakulu. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, panaliletsedwa kuyenda ndi magalimoto akuluakulu.

Meaning

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira yofunikira kwambiri mumsewu mumzindawu. Kutalika kwa Mndandanda wa Munda ku Moscow - msewu waukulu wonyamula katundu wozungulira pakatikati pa likulu, ndi 15.6 km ndi kupitirira 60-70 mamita. Ndilo mkati mwa maulendo atatu omwe alipo pamsewu, pambali pa wakale kwambiri. Munda wamaluwa ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri, kotero apa nthawi zambiri mumakhala makilomita ambiri a magalimoto. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, ikugwira ntchito yake mwaulemu.

Malo

Mzere wa Maluwa uli ndi malo 18: Triumfalnaya, Samotechnaya, Malaya ndi Bolshaya Sukharevskie, Lermontovskaya, Krasnye Vorota, Zemlyanoi Val, Caesar Kunikov, sitima ya sitima ya Kursk, Taganskaya, Paveletskaya, Serpuhovskaya, Kaluga, Krymskaya, Zubovskaya, Smolenskaya-Sennaya, Smolenskaya ndi Kudrinskaya . Zina mwa izo ndi zazikulu, zina ndizosafunika kwenikweni ndipo sizidziwika ngakhale kwa a Muscovites.

Kawirikawiri nkhani ya Mzere wa Munda umayamba ndi Triumfalnaya Square. Ndipo izi sizowopsa. Pamene chipata chapakati cha Triumphal cha Moscow chinali cha Triumph Square, chomwe chinapatsidwa dzina mu 1992. Poyamba, adatchulidwa pambuyo pa VV Mayakovsky.

Choyamba, pamalo ano, pafupi ndi Chipata cha Tverskie, malo okhalamo ambiri a Earth Town anawonekera. Pofika zaka za zana la 17, malowa anali malo a msika, ndipo kenako Arch Triumphal yomangidwa ndi matabwa anaonekera pa izo. Pang'onopang'ono dera limeneli linamangidwa ndi nyumba, ndipo munda wa "Aquarium" ukupezeka, minda ndi minda ya masamba a nyumba ya Monodeli ya Novodevichy inalipo kale.

Zing'onoting'onozo zinali zozizwitsa m'zaka za m'ma 1930, pamene malowa adadulidwa ndipo gawolo linasindikizidwa. Pambuyo pa chipilala chotchedwa V. Mayakovsky chinakhazikitsidwa pano, chinasandulika malo otchuka pochita ndakatulo zosiyanasiyana.

Zomwe "zosazindikirika" ndi malo a Crimean ndi Caesar Kunikova. Wachiŵiri mwa iwo amatchulidwa kuti amalemekeza msilikali wa Soviet Union, amene adakhala nawo mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. M'dera lalikululi mulibe nyumba imodzi, popeza onse ndi amsewu apafupi. Pafupi ndi zomwezo Kunikov akukumbutsa pepala la chikumbutso.

Mipata

Kuwonjezera pa madera, Mzere wa Munda uli ndi misewu yambiri. Kutalika kwa iwo ndi Earth Shaft. Kutalika kwake kukuposa mamita 2000. Mu 1938 adatchulidwanso ku Chkalovskaya, popeza kale anali woyendetsa wotchuka wa Soviet VT Chkalov. Dzina lakale la msewu linabweretsedwa kokha mu 1990. Kuphatikiza apo, izo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mayina otchuka ambiri a anthu omwe ankakhala ndi kugwira ntchito kuno nthawi zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba S. Ya Marshal, wojambula ndege VM Petlyakov, wophunzira AD Sakharov, wojambula KF Yuon ndi ena ambiri.

Monga malo, misewu yonse ya munda wamaluwa (Moscow) ili ndi mbiri yawo. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza likululi ndi mbiri yakale. Msewu wa Sadovaya-Karetnaya umaonedwa kuti ndi waufupi kwambiri, choncho kutalika kwake ndi 406 mamita okha. Kumapezeka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Dzina lake kaŵirikaŵiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kamodzi kakulima minda ndi msewu wapafupi wotchedwa Karetny Ryad. Pafupifupi nyumba zonse zakale zinagwetsedwa mu zaka za m'ma 70 zapitazo.

Kumene mungakhale

Pafupi ulendo uliwonse wa likululikulu mwa njira imodzi kapena ina umakhudza munda wamaluwa. Ndipo apa pali chinachake choti muyang'ane. Mwa njira, hotelo ya "Garden Ring" (Moscow) imapereka thandizo kwa alendo. Nyumba yake ili pamtunda wa msewu womwewo wamtunda ndi Mira Avenue, yomwe ili mu bizinesi ya mzinda. Mphepete mwa izo ndi Red Square, masewera othamanga "Olympic", Garden Botanical ndi Institute. N. V. Sklifosovsky. "Mzere wa Maluwa" - hotelo (Moscow), yomwe ili yabwino kwa alendo ndi anthu amalonda.