Msonkhano wa makampani. Mabungwe ndi ogwirizana. Mitundu ya Kuphatikizana kwa Amalonda

Kuphatikizidwa kwa mabungwe, monga akatswiri ambiri amasiku ano amakhulupirira, ndizochitika padziko lonse. Pali lingaliro lakuti muzaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi makampani apadziko lonse (omwe palimodzi adzapereka pafupifupi 70-75% pa PGDP ya dziko lapansi) akuphatikizidwa mkati mwa masauzande angapo ochepa chabe a dziko lapansi. Boma la Russia, izi, monga momwe akatswiri amachitira amakhulupirira, zidzakhudzanso.

Pali njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe makampani angagwirizane. Monga gawo loyamba, zingakhale zokhudzana ndi kusintha kovomerezeka kwa kampani imene imabwera chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kapena kupeza. Gawo lolamulira kapena gawo lalikulu mu likulu lovomerezeka mu nkhaniyi likudutsa kuchokera ku gulu limodzi la anthu kupita ku lina, ndipo dzina (kapena nthawi zina mafakitale) kumene kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito ingasinthe. Mitundu yowonjezereka ya mabungwe a mabungwe omwe ali m'gululi ndi nkhawa ndi zofunikila. Zina mwazochitika, koma zofunikira kwambiri ku Russia - zikhulupiliro, cartels ndi syndicates.

Njira ina yomwe imagwirizana ndi lingaliro la "kuphatikiza mabungwe", sichigwirizana ndi kusintha kwalamulo lawo. Izi zikutanthawuza kukhazikitsa mgwirizanowu - cholinga cha kusinthanitsa amalonda kapena maofesi a boma (ngati zimakhala ndi makampani a boma), kuthandizana pamodzi kuthetsa mavuto ofulumira, kuyang'ana njira zatsopano kudzera mukudziwitsa nzeru ndi zothandiza. Mitundu yayikulu ya mabungwe a mabungwe a mtundu uwu masiku ano ndi mabungwe ndi mgwirizano.

Tisanayambe kuphunzira za njira zonse zothandizira makampani, tidzaphunzira mbali yomwe ikuwonetseratu zoyenera za machitidwe a centripetal.

N'chifukwa chiyani mabungwe amasonkhana pamodzi?

Pakati pa akatswiri a zachuma, pali lingaliro lomwe makampani ang'onoang'ono amalonda amachititsa kuti azikhalapo pamsika. Panthawi ina kampani ikufika pamalopo pamene ntchito yowonjezereka ikutheka pokhapokha kupyolera mwa malonda ena (nthawi zambiri mpikisano) kapena mwa kugwirizana nawo mu mawonekedwe ena kapena ena. Inde, n'zotheka ndipo ndizotheka kusankha, pamene bizinesi yokha imadziwika, komanso.

Kawirikawiri, kampani ikugwira ntchito mwadongosolo la zaka 3-5 isanayambe njira yothetsera mgwirizano. Kufunika kokhala pamodzi kungatuluke chifukwa cha msika. Monga lamulo, zochitika izi ndizochitika nthawi zovuta (zonse zachuma ndi ndale).

Ubwino

Kugwirizana kwa makampani ndi njira yomwe nthawi zambiri imathandizira aliyense wogwira ntchitoyo. Zopindulitsa zazikulu zogwirizanitsa mabizinesi zikhoza kuwonetsedwa mwa zotsatirazi.

Choyamba, makampani, ogwirizana, monga olamulira, amapanga maumboni osiyanasiyana: makasitomale, ogulitsa katundu, ogwirizana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawonjezera ndalama za makampani omwe amapanga dziwe.

Chachiwiri, makampani amalembetsa kuchepa kwa ndalama zambiri m'madera ambiri - mwachitsanzo, mu ubale ndi omwe akugulitsa. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti olimba, pokhala ndi zatsopano, amapeza kuti katundu kapena ntchito zomwe amapereka ndi zotchipa kusiyana ndi zomwe analandira kuchokera kwa apamtima apamtima. Komanso, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu ndi malonda zimachepetsedwa.

Chachitatu, makampani amagwirizanitsa zowonjezereka, komanso ndalama. Izi zimalola, choyamba, kudalira kukopa akatswiri oyenerera ogwira ntchito. Othandiza - chinthu chofunika kwambiri pazochita bizinesi iliyonse. Mofananamo, mwayi wopezera ndalama - zipangizo zabwino. Izi ndi zofunika makamaka pakuphatikiza makampani ogulitsa mafakitale - mwayi wawo waukulu wopikisana nawo umakhala mu mateknoloji ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga katundu.

Tinaphunzira kuti n'chifukwa chiyani malonda akufunika kuphatikiza. Tsopano mwatsatanetsatane tidzakambirana mawonekedwe a bungwe la mabungwe ogulitsa ntchito, omwe timati ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku Russia.

Zodetsa nkhaŵa

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi nkhawa. Kuphatikizidwa kwa malonda kumatanthauza kukhala ndi ufulu wodzisankhira wa ophunzira. Monga lamulo, kugwirizana kwa makampani kumangokhala kusinthana kwa matekinoloje (zovomerezeka, malayisensi), nthawi zina njira zogwirira ntchito zachuma zimagwirizanitsidwa .

Chodetsa nkhaŵa chingakhale chiyanjano cha mabungwe ogulitsa ntchito limodzi ndi mgwirizano mkati mwa makampani opanga zigawo zosiyana. Koma monga lamulo, ophunzira ake mwanjira ina amagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa chisamaliro, makampani mu mndandanda umodzi wopanga akhoza kugwirizanitsa pamodzi: ogulitsa zipangizo, kupanga mafakitale, ndi mafakitale omwe amapanga chotsirizira.

Monga malamulo, makampani omwe amakhudzidwa (zitsanzo kuchokera ku bizinesi ya ku Russia mwa njira zambiri amatsimikizira izi), akhalebe odziimira palamulo. Gawo lolamulila lirilonse kapena ambiri omwe ali nawo mu likulu lachikhazikitso sichimakhala ndi mutu wa mutu. Ndipo ichi ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zodandaula kuchokera kuzinthu (tidzayang'ana pa zochitika zawo patapita nthawi). Komabe, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, komanso ndondomeko zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo woyang'anira pamwamba pa bungwe. Pankhaniyi, ufulu wa makampani, monga akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira, sangakhale ndi gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsa makampani monga magulu osiyana a bizinesi.

Mabungwe omwe ali ndi nkhawa imodzi angaphatikizidwe muzolowera zamalonda monga mabungwe kapena mgwirizano. Izi sizikusokoneza kayendetsedwe kalamulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kawo. Koma alibe ufulu wokhala nawo mbali zina. Kupanda kutero, pangakhale kusiyana ndi zofunikira kwambiri za malonda ogwirizana.

Zokhudzidwa ku Russia

Kodi mgwirizanowu umagwira ntchito bwanji ku Russia monga nkhaŵa? Zitsanzo za malonda akuphatikizana mu chimango cha mawonekedwe awa, ndithudi, amapezeka ku Russia mu chiwerengero chachikulu.

Pali, makamaka, makampani a boma. Akatswiri amaona kuti ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu komanso otchuka kwambiri ku Russia padziko lonse lapansi - Gazprom. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti nkhaŵa ndi gulu la mabungwe a boma a chitetezo.

Mawu akuti "nkhawa" ku Russia ndi padziko lapansi

Funso limabuka ngati mawu akuti "nkhawa" ali ndi tanthawuzo lomwelo m'dziko lathu ndi kunja. Chirichonse chimadalira pa dziko lenileni. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zina. Makamaka, nkhawa za ku Russia zimatchedwa makampani monga Volkswagen, Siemens, Allianz. Komanso, m'dziko lochokera - Germany - mabungwe awa amatchedwa chimodzimodzi, Konzern. Ngati tikulankhula za makampani monga General Motors, kapena Boeing, pokhala ndi chilolezo chokhala ku America, ku Russia iwo amaonedwa kuti ali ndi nkhawa. Koma ku US - ayi. Kumeneko amatchedwa "kampani ya anthu".

Nthaŵi zina, makampani akuluakulu ochokera ku United States ku Russia pakati pa zofalitsa zamakono a ku Russia kapena m'mabuku apadera amatchulidwa kuti ali ndi nkhawa zokha kuti asasocheretse woŵerenga mosadziwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti makampani ambiri a ku Amerika, mwachitsanzo, chimphona chachikulu cha Chrysler - sizowonjezera "LLC" (mu English - Limited Liability Corporation). Wofiira wa ku Russia sadzakhulupirira kuti "LLC" imatha kukula mpaka kufika pamtunda: kumvetsa kwathu ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndi kosavuta kuti amvetsetse ntchito yake - nkhawa.

Kusunga

Monga tanena kale, mitundu yofala kwambiri ya mgwirizano ku Russia imayimilidwa ndi katundu. Kugwirizana kwa bizinesi kotere, monga momwe akatswiri amanenera, ndiyandikana kwambiri ndi zovutazo (komanso, akatswiri ena azachuma amadziwika mawu awiriwa). Kodi ndizosiyana bwanji ndi zolembapo? Ndipo ndi chiyani chomwe chikufanana, pakati pawo ndi nkhawa?

Chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri chokhazikitsira alendo ndikuti ndi mgwirizano wa mabungwe, mabungwe ogulitsa ntchito, omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe choyenera: kusungidwa mu umwini wa kapangidwe ka mutu wa mtengo wolamulira mu makampani onse. Ngakhale muzinthu zomwe zimaloledwa (ngakhale sizinali choncho), kuti bizinesi yambiri ndi ya oyambitsa makampani kapena omwe akugwira nawo ntchito.

Kwa zizindikiro zambiri (cholinga cha kulenga, mtundu wa kasamalidwe, ndi zina zotero), kugwira ntchito zambiri kumakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zovutazo. Angakhalenso ndi mayanjano m'magulu amodzi kapena angapo, pokhala makonzedwe ogwirira ntchito zamalonda pakukonzekera kayendedwe ka zokolola. Komanso pankhani ya nkhawa, makampani omwe ali mbali ya udindo, monga lamulo, ali ndi ufulu woweruza, amachita zofuna zachuma payekha.

Koma zosankha zoyendetsera chisankho ndizomwe zimangokhala mutu. Maluso ake apamwamba ndi awa.

Choyamba, chimalimbikitsa chidziwitso chachitukuko cha gulu lonse. Iye amaganizira za njira yokopa ndi kupereka ndalama ndi phindu. Kusamalira ndalama, monga akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira, ndilo gawo lalikulu la ntchito ya mutu wa wogwirizira. Ndalama zingathe kuperekedwa kuphatikizapo ngongole zapakhomo.

Chachiwiri, makonzedwe apamwamba a kampani yogwirira ntchito, monga lamulo, ali ndi udindo wa zisankho zoyendetsera zofunika pa kayendetsedwe ka makampani omwe ali m'gululi.

Chachitatu, bungwe la makolo limayimira zofuna za makampani onse omwe amadziwerengera ku malo omwe amagwiritsidwa nawo ntchito m'misika komanso kunja kwa misika.

Muzinthu zambiri, mwa njira, pali zoletsedwa kwa mwiniwake wa magawo a mutu wa makampani kwa makampani-otsogolera a bungwe (kuphatikizapo oyang'anira ndi eni eni).

Tiyeni tsopano tione zochitika za mbiriyakale za mabungwe zomwe zakhala ndi mbali yofunikira mu chuma cha Tsarist Russia ndi USSR.

Makasitomala

A cartel ndi nyumba yomwe imalimbikitsa bizinesi imodzi. Cholinga cha kulumikizana ndi machitidwewa ndi kuchita zochitika pamagulu a malonda (zochepa - kupanga njira). Pogwiritsa ntchito makasitomala, kawirikawiri zinali zosavuta kuti makampani agulitse katundu wogulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito malonda, mitengo, ndondomeko, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogulitsa malonda ndi bizinesi zina. Makampani omwe ali m'gulu la makasitomala adasungira ufulu wokhazikika walamulo ndi chuma.

Amagwirizana

Ngati ntchito za makampani ogwirizanitsidwa mkati mwa makasitomala amaganizira momwe magalimoto oterewa amachitira (komanso osati mbali yopanga), amalondawo amavomereza kupanga mgwirizano - chinthu chimodzi cha mabungwe onse ogulitsa malonda pa mitengo ndi maulendo a uniform.

Izi ndizo, ntchito ya makampani payekhayo inali yopangika. Kugulitsa kunali, monga lamulo, lokha lokhazikitsidwa ndi a syndicate. Nthawi zina, malonda a malonda sanalengedwe mosiyana, koma anapangidwa potsatira zida za imodzi mwa makampani omwe ali m'gululi.

Zikhulupiriro

Ngati makasitomala ndi ma syndicates amatha kupangidwa kuti akonze kayendedwe ka kugulitsa katundu, zikhulupilirozi ndizolimbikitsa kulimbikitsa ntchito mkati mwa gawo lopangika (koma nthawi zambiri makampani ogulitsa amalumikizananso). Mabungwe a mtundu umenewu anapangidwa ndi bizinesi zomwe sizinasungire ufulu wovomerezeka pa zachuma ndi zachuma, mosiyana ndi makanema ndi ma syndicates. Monga lamulo, kapangidwe ka mutu wa chikhulupilirocho chinalengedwa (pafupifupi mofanana ndi kampaniyo). Koma panali zisanachitike pamene makampani atayina mgwirizano pa kuphatikiza ndi kupeza. Kawirikawiri kudalira kumatanthauza kupanga njira zonse zopangira zomwe zili gawo limodzi la makampani, komanso zokhudzana nazo. Amalonda ochokera ku mafakitale osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amakhala opezeka m'madera oterowo. Mwa iwo, monga momwe izo zimachitikira muzinthu zatchulidwa pamwambapa, makina opangidwawo anapangidwa. Monga lamulo, muzinthu zokhulupirira panali chikhazikitso cha umwini wothandizana nawo chuma chomwe chinali chokhudzana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa katundu (komanso kwa mankhwala ogulitsidwa).

Magalasi ndi ma syndicates anali osiyana kwambiri ndi nthawi za Tsarist Russia (pamene ntchito yokonda malonda inalipo popanda malire). Ndipo chachiwiri chinali zambiri. Mapalepala anali, ine ndiyenera kunena, mosavuta. Ku USSR (mpaka nthawi yomwe ubale wa malonda unali wotsekedwa), zikhulupiliro zinali zotchuka kwambiri.

Mabungwe ndi ogwirizana

Polingalira zochitika zenizeni ndi zochitika zakale za makampani pothandizana ndikugwirizanitsa, ganizirani mtundu wachiwiri wa mabungwe amalonda - mayanjano ndi mgwirizano. Timazindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti mau awiriwa, monga lamulo, angadziwidwe. Kungokhala "mgwirizano" - izi zikutanthauza "mgwirizano", "mgwirizano", mwachilendo chabe. Amalonda okha amadzifunsa momwe angadzitchulire okha mkati mwa dongosolo lophatikizidwa.

Mabungwe ndi mgwirizanowu ndi mabungwe a mabungwe (zapadera kapena boma) osati cholinga chogwirizanitsa chuma ndi zakuthandizidwe, koma pofuna kuteteza zofuna ndi kukonza mbali zosiyanasiyana za ntchito. Pafupipafupi, izi ndizo zikhalidwe za mtundu wosakhala wamalonda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati tikamba zalamulo - izi ndi NGO. Makampani a bungwe kapena mgwirizano amakhala ndi ufulu wokhazikika palamulo ndi chuma.

Kukula kwa mabungwe amenewa kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Association of Restaurators and Hostels. Kumva pamisonkhano yambiri - "Union of Industrial and businessmen". Pali mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi ndale (cholinga chake ndicho kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa malonda). Zina mwa izo ndi Customs Union.