Mpunga m'munda. mpunga luso kulima

Mpunga - mmodzi wa mbewu wapatali dziko ali pakati pa chakudya chachikulu ambiri a anthu a lathuli. Ndi chomera wapachaka wa banja kalasi dzinthu monocotyledonous.

zambiri

monga chimanga uyu ali fibrous mizu ndi cavities pneumatic kuti imapatsa mpweya nthaka anasefukira. Zili chitsamba ongokhala nodular zimayambira amene makulidwe ndi za 3-5 mamilimita ndi kutalika - 38 cm, ndi msinkhu wa mamita 3-5 (kwambiri mawonekedwe). Zimayambira makamaka chilili, koma pali akukwera ndi stelyaschiesya. Mapepala lanceolate, inflorescence ndi panicle, amene kutalika ndi 10-30 cm. Panicle ali wothinikizidwa kapena kufalitsa, kuŵeramitsa kapena chilili malinga zosiyanasiyana mpunga. Pa ndi ambiri spikelets flowered pa miyendo yake ndi yaifupi. Lonse, pafupifupi mbewu mpunga imakhala ndi chipolopolo okhwima, amene pansi pa mtundu brownish ndi kusungidwa tirigu. Pansi pa khungu - ndi endosperm, mbali thanzi kwambiri za tirigu, umene ndi zimene tikuona mu mawonekedwe a mpunga woyera, lotchedwa kupukuta kapena kusinja. About 94% ya lili wowuma, za 6-10% mapuloteni, koma mwatsoka, pali pafupifupi palibe B mavitamini ndi mchere zinthu. Akupera mpunga zakonzedwa mofulumira, mosavuta chosakanikirana ndi thupi. M'madera otentha chinyezi mankhwala limapitirira.

mpunga-kukula

Pali mitundu 3 minda amene amalimidwa therere izi zomwe zili, macheke estuary. Macheke pa minda ya njira mpunga kulima tichipeza mu kukulitsa osefukira zonse mpaka ndiye, pamene mbewu si zipse, ndiye chatsanulidwa madzi ndi kuyamba yokolola. Izi mtundu wa kukolola mbewu ndi ambiri, choncho kusonkhanitsa 90% kupanga mpunga lonse. minda zomwe zili ili m'madera wambirimbiri mpweya akugwa, choncho popanda ulimi wothirira yokumba. Pa iwo ndi zina akhoza kukula mpunga mitundu chomwecho, koma zokolola pa macheke pamwamba minda. Lima munda mpunga makamaka ili mu floodplains ndi vozdelyvavaetsya pa madzi osefukira. Pankhaniyi, ntchito mpunga mitundu wapadera ndi mofulumira kukula phesi, amene whisks zimatengedwa pa madzi. Poyerekeza ndi kulima mpunga zina, njira imeneyi amapereka mbewu laling'ono kwambiri, koma ndi miyambo kwambiri kuti m'madera monga chimanga ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri zakudya anthu Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko Asian.

mitundu ya mpunga

Pali mu dziko la zikwi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpunga. Mwachitsanzo, mu Asia aliyense munda amapereka zosiyanasiyana zikhalidwe. Iwo zimagawidwa ndi kutalika kwa tirigu, mtundu wa mankhwala, mtundu, kununkhira. Ndi mlingo wa processing therere lagawidwa woyera mpunga, zofiirira ndi parboiled.

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya mpunga:

1. Paddy: paddy, monga anabweretsa kuchokera kutchire, zikhoza kusungidwa kwa zaka zingapo.
2. Rice gaga - kuchotsa izo kuchokera tirigu ndi woyamba chithandizo sitepe, ntchito monga chakudya nyama ndi monga fetereza.
3. Chinangwa chipolopolo: izo analandira m'kati akupera mbewu ntchito dzinthu chakudya ndi chakudya nyama.
4. Opukutidwa woyera mpunga: ambiri. Nthawi zina, Round srednezerny ndi mpunga kuleza tirigu, chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuwona nkhaniyi.
5. Parboiled mpunga: paddy poyamba ankawaviika m'madzi kenako mankhwala nthunzi opanikizika.
6. Brown kapena neshlifovany. Nthawi zina srednezerny ndi mpunga kuleza tirigu, mtengo omwe si wosiyana mtengo wosamvetseka makina mpunga mphero, ndipo ankaona kuti thanzi labwino kuposa mpunga woyera.
7. Wosweka mpunga: mu processing wa mbewu mpunga kuphwanya zidutswa lalikulu ntchito Confectionery ndi chakudya, kakang'ono - chifukwa ufa mpunga.
8. Komanso mitundu wamba mpunga monga Jasmine, basmati, Aigupto ndi chilombo.

History ndi yogawa

Pafupifupi zaka 7000 munthu amadya ndi amalimanso mpunga. Photo kusonyeza izi zikhoza kupezeka mu mabuku akale China ndi India. Ngakhale ndiye mminad mpunga a dongosolo ntchito ngalande ulimi wothirira wa chikhalidwe. Kodi anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba - si okhazikika, koma asayansi ena amavomereza kuti amaona malo India. Malinga ndi zina amadziwika kuti minda mpunga mu China anaonekera mu 5 Zakachikwi BC ndi pafupifupi 500 BC, kale inali ku South-East ndi Asia South, China ndi India. Kufalitsa monga chimanga ili ndinazolowera zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana nyengo, mwachitsanzo mu Asia South ayenera wambirimbiri madzi ndi kutenthetsa chaka chonse, ndi Japan, Korea ndi China chapakati anayamba mitundu kuti kulekerera ozizira ndi amene muyenera madzi pang'ono. Mu Asia, kukolola ndi anabzala mpunga akadali pamanja, kwa zaka nakulitsa pa zitunda zathyathyathya phiri, mapiri ndi tating'ono ting'ono dziko. M'zaka za m'ma 13 minda mpunga anaonekera Sicily, ku North America, iye anawonekera ndi French, British ndi Japanese. Mu America South chithunzi anabweretsa Chipwitikizi ndi Spanish. Rice kulima ku Russia anayamba zaka zoposa 300 zapitazo.

Mpunga mu Russia

Mu Russian ufumu choyamba munda mpunga anaonekera mu nthawi Ivana Groznogo. Anapatsidwa kuti kazembe Astrakhan kukula "Saracen mapira", umo ndi momwe iwo dzina lake mkuyu. M'munsi Volga anakakhala kumunda, koma zotsatira kuyesera, mwatsoka, wakhala osadziwika.

Mu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine «Saracen mapira" kachiwiri adanyamuka Russia, izo anafesa mu ankadziwana la mtsinje Terek, ndi tsogolo la mbewu kachiwiri anataya mwa zinthu zina zofunika mwamsanga boma. Izo zinali kokha mu 1786 Chithunzi anapezeka pa gawo Russian - anabweretsedwa ku Kuban Cossacks. minda mpunga zili m'madera anasefukira ya Kuban Mtsinje, ndiyeno bwino kukolola mpunga m'munda ndipo anatuluka mu Russia.

kumwa mpunga mu dziko

Pali 2 likuyandikira kuti kumwa monga chimanga ili, "Western" - Ndi mmene kwa America ndi ku Ulaya, ndi "kum'mawa" - kwa Asia. Kum'mawa mayiko chithunzi amatanthauza chakudya tsiku ndi tsiku, mpunga mu Europe ali mbiri yake ina, koma poyamba linali zomera zosowa ndi kukonzekera yekha kwa menyu chikondwerero. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mpunga komanso kukhala limodzi chakudya chawo chachikulu, koma mosiyana ndi Asia, Europe anayamba kukonza mpunga ndi nkhuku, nyama, nsomba ndi zonunkhira zina.

Kufunika kwa mbewu ndi mpunga

Chaka za 350 mln. Matani mpunga opangidwa mu dziko. Anthu oposa theka la anthu a m'dzikoli ntchito 3 pa tsiku. Mu Japan, 78% ya minda Cholinga chake kulima mpunga, mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mtengo wa mpunga ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Mlingo wa mowa wa dzinthu pa munthu mu Asia ndi makilogalamu 150 pachaka, pamene Europe - 2 kg pa chaka. About 12-13 mln. Matani imports pachaka lonse ndi zogulitsa kunja, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi 4% ya mbewu okwana mu dziko. America South ndi Asia ndi Waogula Zinthu Kunja chachikulu cha mpunga, ndi Europe - ndi importer.

mpunga yofesa

Mankhwala mbewu ntchito kusanja separators wapadera, ndiye mbewu anayesedwa kumera, ndi akalozera zosakwana 90% ya mbewu monga osayenera. 5-8 masiku pamaso kufesa mbewu zouma mu dzuwa, zilowerere iwo mu madzi ofunda kwa masiku 2-3, pambuyo kutupa zouma kuti flowability ndipo anayamba kubzala mu chisanadze usavutike nthaka kuti akuya 10 cm. Njira yabwino mbewu mpunga imatengedwa chatsekedwa akufa pochita Seeder flanged kapena kumveka wamba. Umabweretsa zotsatira zabwino ndi mtanda opendekera njira chodzala mpunga. Ntchito anasefukira mbewu dothi razbrosnoy ku ndege, n'zotheka kubzala 150 ha tsiku ndi ndege imodzi. Rice akhoza kukhala wamkulu kwa mbewu. Mwa njira imeneyi, iwo ali Vietnam, China, Japan komanso m'mayiko ena. Mmera chikhalidwe mphero ndi CIS opezeka Azerbaijan.

Ulimi yokonza mbewu mpunga

Pali 3 njira kuthirira mbewu mpunga:

• mosalekeza osefukira - madzi pa munda pa nyengo kukula;
• truncated osefukira - pa chiyambi ndi mapeto a wosanjikiza zomera madzi ndi kwina;
• likukulira osefukira - madzi anakhalabe nthawi zina.

mphero CIS ali makamaka ntchito adzafupikitsidwa osefukira. Pa dothi kuti si saline kwambiri ndipo ndi woyera udzu, amathera kuthirira mutabzala ndi pamaso kumera. Pambuyo bokosi mpunga mmera ladzala ndi si kwambiri lalikulu wosanjikiza madzi analoledwa pa tillering ndi -. About 5 cm wosanjikiza madzi Kenako ziwonjezeke kwa masentimita 15, ndipo pa mlingo madzi ndi kudzala sera chikapsa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, madzi ndi pang'ono yafupika ndi kusasitsa a dziko lapansi adzauma, ndipo izo zikanakhala zotheka kuyamba kukolola. Kuti thupilo algae, mankhwala ulamuliro udzu kapena aeration wa nthaka zouma munda mpunga. Photos of njirayi angapezeke ambiri ayamikira cha ulimi wothirira kwa mpunga ndi chisamaliro.

Technology wa kulima mpunga

Onse-Union Institute of mpunga mpunga kulima luso Research anayamba kupanga chimene mukhonza kuwapeza matani 4 mpaka 6 wa chimanga pa 1 ha. luso lakonzedwa kutenga nkhani limatchula za nthaka, peculiarities nyengo mitundu.

Pakuti madera kum'mwera ndi Krasnodar Gawo anayamba 8 luso osiyana yopanga chikhalidwe mpunga:

1. luso Basic, womwenso ntchito 66, limodzi ndi mkulu zokolola mpunga, lalikulu mafuta ndi mkulu kwambiri.
2. Njira imene mbewu yofesedwa ndi akuya 4 kapena 5 cm, kuphatikizapo 49 ntchito. Iwo amagwiritsa chisanadze mankhwala a nthaka: Kamangidwe Yophukira ndi kulima oyambirira.
3. Technology imene kuphatikiza ntchito processing nthaka: mayikidwe a yaying'ono-mpumulo, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi herbicides, seeding, ndipo anagubuduza pamwamba.
4. Kagwiridwe, amene amathandiza kuti tillage osachepera: sakuikamo ntchito monga yolima, disking, chizelevanie, kukonzekera ntchito, kulima.
5. Technology, apadera pa macheke, wodzazidwa ndi madzi, mwachitsanzo kumene kumunda mpunga sizingatheke kuti ziume mu kasupe ndi autumn, komanso mu mvula mu nthawi yofesa ndi kukonzekera nthaka.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya sayansi kuti amalola makhalidwe ulimi kulimbana namsongole, matenda ndi tizilombo toononga.
7. Technology popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwa kulima zakudya mpunga.
8. Technology kumene mphamvu yambiri ndipo amagwira kwambiri njira yonse ntchito aggregates CFS-3,6 ndi 3,6-CCF ndi makina khasu-ol 2.4. Chinthu chapadera njira ndi yosalala kulima.