Mipikisano chipani dongosolo - ndi Russian dongosolo Mipikisano chipani ...

dongosolo Mipikisano chipani - icho chili choipa kapena chabwino bwanji? Asayansi Political a mumayiko osiyana amachedwa funsolo. Pa dzanja limodzi, limawapatsa mpata wofotokoza maganizo a Boma ambiri osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi amuteteze mphamvu. Pa zina - pali chisokonezo mu moyo andale a dziko lililonse.

kachitidwe chipani

Pansi chipani amadziwa bungwe, gawo lalikulu yogwira anthu, ozikidwa pa zofuna zawo, anakonza dongosolo ndi cholinga kukhazikitsa pogwiritsa mbali mu mphamvu kapena nsinga yake. Kupezeka kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi anzake awo Mzimuyo dongosolo chipani cha boma. Pali mitundu itatu ya madongosolo otero. Mipikisano chipani dongosolo - ali woyamba wa iwo. Iwo limanenedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mabungwe oposa awiri ndale kuti ndi mwayi weniweni kubwera kwa mphamvu. Party dongosolo kupangidwa mu ulamuliro wa chipani osakwatira dziko ndi boma kuti liletse ntchito ya otsutsa zilumikizano za zandale. Mu UK, United States, pali dongosolo awiri chipani. Ngakhale m'mayiko awa pali chiletso pa kukhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito mabungwe ena, koma mwayi nzeru kubwera kwa mphamvu, ali zochepa, amene amasankha kusintha ambiri mu Nyumba ya oimira munthu kapena ena a wamphamvu zandale. Pali mtundu wa pendulum: mphamvu kuchokera olekerera kwa osafuna kusintha ndi kumbuyo.

Zikamera wa maphwando mu Russia

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo multiparty mu Russia. Izi yodziwika ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi. Choyamba, choyamba, ngakhale mosaloledwa, iwo anayamba kutenga angalinganize bungwe landale la kunachitika, kwakukulu atsogoleri. Choncho, Democrats Social unachitikira msonkhano wawo woyamba mu chaka cha 1898. Malamulo kulembetsa maphwando zinachitika mu woyamba Russian utasintha, pambuyo wotchuka Manifesto ya October 17, 1905, amene anayambitsa kumasulika kwa ndale kwa anthu a Russian Ufumu. Chinthu china ndi chakuti otsogolera a anzeru mu mabungwe osiyanasiyana kupangidwa, ambiri amene anali laling'ono mokwanira, onse pamene pali njira ya gulu ndi kuvunda kwa ena. Choncho, dongosolo Mipikisano chipani - ichi ndi khalidwe woona wa moyo ndale Russia m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri.

Kumanzere, chabwino ndi pakati

Monga tanenera kale, m'zaka za m'ma 20, panali zipani zingapo ku Russia, kuphunzira amene ali kovuta. Kumvetsetsa kuti anali Russian dongosolo Mipikisano chipani, mabungwe onse andale anawagawa m'magulu atatu. Choyamba ndi amakani, chosintha kucheza, amatchedwanso kumanzere. The gawo bwino - ndiwofatsa, reactionary mabungwe zotsutsana ndi luso lililonse ndipo kusinthika. Pakuti centrists Udindo mabungwe monga ndale ndi mapulogalamu wodzichepetsa kumbuyo owolowa manja, ndi kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono anthu.

Chosintha Party wa Russia

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma chatha, anthu Russian anali enmeshed chiwerengero zotsutsana lalikulu limene okhudza chitukuko cha bizinesi. iwo amatchedwa "nkhani pachimake" mu historiography dziko. Zikuphatikizapo ulimi kapena wamba funso, wantchito, ndi funso la mphamvu, ndi mitundu. Lang'anani, mphamvu zonse za ndale amasonyeza njira waukulu kuthetsa mavuto amenewa. The kwakukulu kwambiri lingaliro limeneli anali Bolsheviks - ndi RSDLP (b), akuyitanira zisinthe zokomera, ndi nationalization cha dziko ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, chiyembekezo chakuti chuma payekha ndi kusintha kwa sosholisimu wotero. Ndimaganiza mtsogoleri ndi kulinganiza anali odziwika bwino Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). The Mensheviks anali zochepa kwakukulu - RSDLP (m), zomwe lapeza kuti nkhaniyi si izmolola ufa umene m'pofunika kuphika keke sosholisimu. mtsogoleri wawo, Julius Martov analimbikitsa anthu bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe ndi njira pang'onopang'ono nkhani zikuluzikulu. A malo apadera kulamulidwa ndi Socialist-boma mu chipika kumanzere (SRs) amene pabwino okha monga zokometsera a wamba, ndi Amlowam'malo miyambo ya populism. Iwo ankanena za socialization m'dziko, mwachitsanzo kulanda madera ake. Iye lotsogoleredwa ndi Viktor Chernov SRs. Pamodzi ndi izi, panali ena Russian maphwando chosintha monga Popular Socialists, Socialist-boma, maximalists, Trudoviks ndi osiyanasiyana mitundu chosintha (a Bund, Chiwukirano Chiyukireniya Party, ndi ena).

owolowa manja chipani

Monga dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia zachitika ndi mwalamulo la owolowa manja maphwando centrist. Mu Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri State Dumas chiwerengero chachikulu, koma osati ambiri, anatenga Cadets, amene amatchedwa centrists kumanzere. Iwo anafuna tsankho kupatuka zigawo tidakocheza mokomera anthu wamba ndi zofooka mafumu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Constitution, kusintha kwinanso. A mtsogoleri anazindikira wa Cadets anali katswiri wa mbiri Pavel Miliukov. Waukulu mphamvu yandale mu nthawi ya Chachitatu ndi Chachinayi Dumas anali Octobrist Party, amene oimira anavomereza kwambiri kuti mbiri ya Ndondomeko Russian pa 17 October. Alexander Guchkov, mutu wa gululi, ankateteza zofuna za bourgeoisie chachikulu, chimene chikuyembekezeka kuletsa dziko ndi kukula zina zachuma. Octo wotchedwa ndiwofatsa olekerera.

chipika bwino

kwambiri pa dongosolo, koma pang'ono bungwe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma wotsiriza unali lamanja gawo ndale. Monarchists, ndi Black mazana, ndi osafuna kusintha - ziri zonse za iwo. Russian Mfumu Nicholas II anali membala aulemu maphwando angapo, ngakhale zimasiyanasiyana dzina koma anali ofanana pulogalamu ndale. Kwenikweni ake anali kubwerera ku autocracy malire, ziphunzitso, ndi kuteteza umodzi wa Russia. Osati kuzindikira Woyamba State Duma, ndiwofatsa mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu bungwe ndipo sanali nawo chisankho. Koma zochitika wotsatira asonyeza kuti sitingathe kwenikweni retiring kuchokera kulimbana ndale milandu yamalamulo. Abale oimira "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union of Anthu Russian" omenyera ena amachita nawo mokwanira malamulo a Nicholas II. Ndipo adani ake pogwiritsa ntchito njira chiwawa, monga zachiwawa.

Kupha dongosolo multiparty

Pambuyo Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira 25 October 1917 multiparty dongosolo pang'onopang'ono n'kugwa mu Russia. Choyamba mwa andale m'bwalomo monarchist kucheza, Octo, mu November anayesedwa inaletsedwa ku Cadets. Mpaka zaka zingapo analimbikira maphwando chosintha, kuphatikizapo Otsutsa yaikulu ya Bolsheviks anali SRs, amene anatenga ambiri mipando mu chisankho kuti Assembly Constituent. Koma polankhula motsutsana Lenin ndi gulu lake pa Civil nkhondo ndi yomweyo nditamaliza anatengedwa kulimbana opanda chifundo ndi adani ndale za Bolsheviks. Mu zaka 1921-1923 mu Soviet Russia, chiwerengero cha bwalo Kuthi ndi atsogoleri a Mensheviks ndi SRs, pambuyo amene ali maphwando amenewa ankaonedwa mwamwano temberero. Chifukwa, kachitidwe Mipikisano chipani mu USSR panalibe. Kuti amavomereza maganizo ndi ndale ulamuliro wa chipani chimodzi - Gulu Communist.

Mapangidwe a dongosolo multiparty mu Russia zamakono

Kugwa kwa dongosolo Soviet ndale munali mu nthawi ya perestroika anayesetsa M. S. Gorbachevym. Chinthu chimodzi chofunika mu mapangidwe a dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia makono chigamulo pa chiyembekezo chakuti Article 6 ya Soviet Constitution anavomera mu 1977. Iwo enshrines yapadera, kutsogolera ntchito ya malingaliro chikominisi mu boma, ndipo mokulira ankatanthauza chipani chimodzi okhawo mphamvu. Pambuyo kulanda boma, ndi kulanda boma mu August 1990, Pulezidenti Russian laletsa kanthu onse a CPSU m'gawo lake. Pa nthawi imeneyi latsopano dongosolo Mipikisano chipani inkayenda mu Russia. Ndi woyamba ake ogwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa ambiri mabungwe andale si zimasiyana mzake maganizo awo pa malangizo limodzi. Akatswiri ambiri aona mwachilungamo yopapatiza chikhalidwe m'munsi mwa ambiri, choncho kuwatcha "proto". kayendedwe Ponseponse dziko mu mayiko a linkadziwika kuti "Popular Front".

Waukulu magulu andale

Mu 90 ntchentche pakati pa mabungwe andale ambiri kudziwa chinsinsi angapo, amene anayamba kuchititsa ndi aliyense kumenyana wina kwa mipando mu Duma. Pa chisankhochi mu 1995 izo anafotokozera za atsogoleri anayi, amene akhoza kugonjetsa chotchinga cha cent asanu pa. Zomwezi magulu andale zimaonetsa panopa dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia. Choyamba, ndi chikominisi kutsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri okhazikika, mobwerezabwereza zinthu ngati phungu pulezidenti - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Chachiwiri - ndi Osaumira Democratic Party, ndi yemweyo nthawi zonse ndi kowala mutu - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Boma wagawo kangapo kusintha dzina mu zaka lomaliza ( "Home wathu ndi Russia", "United Russia"). Bwino ndi malo chachinayi cha ulemu unachitika chipani "Yabloko", lotsogoledwa ndi Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Komabe, kuyambira 2003, iye analephera kuthetsa chotchinga yaikidwa pa chisankho ndipo wakhala wakhala gawo la nthumwi malamulo thupi. Ambiri mwa magulu ku Russia wa malangizo centrist, iwo ndi zofunika ndi mapulogalamu ofanana. Kumanzere ndi bwino amadziwika kokha mwa mwambo.

zinthu zina

Kwambiri akatswiri andale amavomereza kuti dongosolo Mipikisano chipani - si njira yabwino chitukuko ndale za dziko. States ndi dongosolo awiri chipani ndi zodziwikiratu kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi zambiri kupewa kuchita zinthu monyanyira, kusunga motsatizana. dongosolo Mipikisano chipani - lingaliro kuti ali ndi tanthauzo malamulo othandiza. Mbali yoyamba, pali mabungwe ambiri yokhala, koma mwayi nzeru kubwera kwa mphamvu kuli mmodzi kapena awiri okha. A dongosolo lenileni multiparty umasonyeza kuti palibe mphamvu yandale simungapeze ambiri aphungu. Pankhaniyi bungwe Mgwirizano kanthawi mpaka kalekale.