Metrology: choyezera, chingwe chida. Gawo kuyeza njira

Tidzayensa m'nkhaniyi kuti disassemble yaying'ono ya nkhani: metrology, standardization kugwirizana ndi izo, Russian boma metrological malo, komanso kuyeza zida - chikhalidwe chawo, mitundu, gulu ndi ntchito. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ambiri kutsegula mutu - sayansi otchedwa metrology.

Metrology: matanthauzo, zolinga, malamulo

Metrology, choyezera, chingwe chida - cholukanalukana limaphunzitsa. Metrology (wakale Greek μέτρον + λόγος -. "Kuyeza" + "sayansi") - sayansi ya poyeza, ndicho muyeso, njira zake ndi zipangizo kuthandiza kuonetsetsa mgwirizano ndi olondola ndipo miyezo ya.

Chikhazikitso cha metrology amati zolinga izi ndi zolinga:

• chitukuko cha chiphunzitso logwirizana la muyeso;
• kachitidwe maphunziro angapo a mayunitsi thupi;
• Development ndi wotsatira standardization zikutanthauza ndi njira muyeso, njira kudziwa molondola, kukhumba kuti pachilichonse ndi yogwirizanitsa;
• kukhala bwino machitidwe mfundo zitsanzo muyeso, zomwe ndi zochokera zokhazikika thupi;
• Kuphunzira dongosolo la poyeza mu Poyang'ana m'mbuyo m'mbiri.

Malamulo yaikulu ya metrology atatu:

1. muyeso uliwonse - fanizoli.
2. Palibe uthenga womwe muyeso popanda zolemba sangathe kuwapeza.
3. Zotsatira za miyezo popanda mfundo iliyonse nazo - yekha mwachisawawa variable.

Ndime metrology

Science lagawidwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo:

• Ongolankhula. Chikhazikitso cha metrology n'zochokera pa chiphunzitso. gawo ikufotokoza mavuto ambiri miyezo kachulukidwe, komanso mwachindunji akufotokozera mbalume ongolankhula.
• Zokonza. Social sayansi, amene amasankha zinafunika zinthu malamulo ndi luso ntchito mayunitsi njira muyeso ndi zida.
• Ntchito. Experimental, manja gawo metrology, powapatsa Kukula kwa ongolankhula chigawo cha moyo, komanso polimbana ndi metrology mapulogalamu.
• Mbiri. Amayesa zapitazi mayunitsi muyeso, kupitirira awo mu nthawi amalemba mayina awo, komanso ubale ndi mfundo za poyeza wa modernity.
• malo apadera. Zikuphatikizapo "wapadera" metrology - zachipatala, mankhwala, Azamlengalenga, kwachilengedwenso (biometrics).

Standardization Metrology

Metrology ndi standardization n'zogwirizana. Standardization ku mbali iyi - mkulu mosabisa malamulo thandizo metrological kuti ayende ndondomeko kupanga. The zinthu adzakhala amalanga zonse zokhudza mankhwala: zikalata zolimbana ndi zofunikira za mfundo khalidwe la kulolerana, komanso njira iyende miyeso yolinganizira. Pa nthawi yomweyo mfundo anayamba ungagwiritsidwe osati kokha kampani inayake, komanso odalilika chikhalidwe.

zolinga Standardization Metrology otsatirawa:

• Khama la makhalidwe yaikulu ya khalidwe la mankhwala Buku, chinthu choyamba kuchita ndicho yovomerezeka zigawo ndi zopangira.
• Kukula kwa muyezo enieni khalidwe la mankhwala chifukwa ndiye anatsimikiza mwa ulamuliro metrological.
• Mtima wofuna pachilichonse za malonda.
• Kupanga mfundo dongosolo kuonetsetsa mgwirizano miyeso onse ogwira lapansi.

Metrology ndi standardization ntchito zikalata ziwiri zikuluzikulu:

• Standard - kugonana malamulo ndi sayansi ndi malamulo, malangizo ndi zofunika kupanga ndi chomaliza mankhwala. Muyezo apano - ichi wavomerezedwa ndi gulu udindo.
• Lachiwiri (luso zinthu) - malamulo, malamulo ndi zofunika kwa mtundu winawake wa mankhwala.

Onga Standardization Metrology:

• International. Mayiko Standardization ndi Metrology Center ndi mphamvu za madera osiyanasiyana United malonda, mkulu wa chitukuko sayansi, mayikidwe a chitetezo wamba ndi zina zotero.
• State. Standardization Metrology ikuchitika ndi akuluakulu onse, amenenso kumanga chitukuko mtsogolo.
• National. Kachiwiri mtundu wonsewo, koma popanda alowererepo mwachindunji apolisi.

Waukulu Russian Center kwa Standardization ndi Metrology - ndi GSS (boma dongosolo la standardization). Uku Chili zofunika zonse n'kukhala munthu lonse, zimathandiza standardize opanga ndi kupanga zomera zonse zoweta ndi mafakitale.

State Center wa Metrology ndi chitsimikizo

Malinga ndi Chilamulo Federal "Pa kuonetsetsa mgwirizano miyezo" pa boma mlingo yoyang'anira ntchito kuonetsetsa kugwirizana kwa Russian State Standard wa muyeso. ndipo GMR ndi pa ulamuliro wake - boma metrological utumiki. Mbaliyi zigawo izi:

• Nthambi ya zida chapakati cha State Standard wa ku Russia udindo mapulani, kasamalidwe ndi ulamuliro wa pachilichonse za miyezo pa mlingo dziko mtanda makampani.
• SSMC (boma malo sayansi metrological) - udindo chitukuko, stockpiling komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za mfundo komanso ntchito yokonza zikalata zolimbana, kupereka traceability.
• HMS mayunitsi lonse nkhani RF - Kuzindikira kulamulira metrological m'madera yeniyeni.

Malo kutsatira la Russia

State Chief Metrology Center imatengedwa VNIIMS - Onse-Russian Institute Research kwa Metrological Service. Iwo akuchita sayansi ndi methodical kasamalidwe wa zonse metrological, amayang'anira ntchito zawo, komanso osauka zosiyanasiyana (zachuma, bungwe, sayansi) zapansi thandizo metrological.

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo VNIIMS malo ofunika mu Russian Federation nayonso:

• VNIIM. Apa analengedwa ndi kusungidwa pafupifupi mfundo zonse za dongosolo World wa poyeza, kupatulapo zitsanzo mayunitsi pafupipafupi ndi nthawi. The Institute akugwirizira oposa 50% ya mfundo zonse Russian boma.
• VNIIFTRI. Kuwonjezera pa nthawi muyezo mu anayambitsa izi ndi maginito chitsanzo, ndi zedi mayunitsi wailesi pafupipafupi, kuuma, kuthamanga, cheza ionizing, ndi ena otsika kutentha.
• VNIIOFI. Miyezo ya magawo osiyana laser, magawo zachipatala, spectrometry, komanso mfundo zina kuwala.
• SNIIM. Miyezo ya magetsi, maginito, wailesi ndi zosintha zina.

Activities malo metrology

The vekitala chachikulu cha ntchito HMS - yokonza mgwirizano miyezo mu boma. Komanso pa cholowa cha udindo thandizo metrological ya miyeso mu Russia, boma ulamuliro m'munda wa metrology. Directions wa GMR - ndi:

• kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo dziko ndi sekondale;
• kupanga kachitidwe kapena ukufalitsidwa magawo kufala kwa FB ntchito SI mayunitsi;
• gosnadzora kupanga / ntchito kachitidwe / boma / kukonza muyeso;
• metrological Kupenda nkhani zosiyanasiyana;
• methodical thandizo la ntchito m'munsi metrological.

ntchito Rosstandart

Rosstandart ndi metrology - uchita wa bungwe la kugwira ntchito:

• Mgwirizanowu ntchito kuonetsetsa traceability.
• Development malamulo a chilengedwe, yosungirako, pakuvomereza ndi ntchito mfundo phindu.
• Metrological boma kuyang'aniridwa.
• Atsogolereni HMS ndi zina udindo traceability.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo ndi malamulo kuonetsetsa pachilichonse za miyezo.
• Kuzindikira zipangizo luso kuyeza njira.
• Development amasangalala ndi njira kayesedwe.
• malo kuvomerezeka akukumana SI.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu SR.
• Kusunga FSTS.
• mndandanda Ovomerezeka SI phunziro kwa yachinsinsi.
• Development wa ndondomeko pulogalamuyo a anthu ndi mabungwe amene amapanga, kukonza, kugulitsa kapena akupereka kwa SI kwa malipiro.
• Planning ndi gulu la zosiyanasiyana metrological ndi zina zotero.

SI - izi ...

Tiyeni titsegule ku Metrology zambiri kuli ndi kayesedwe. zida chingwe (SI) - chipangizo luso lomwe miyezo ikuchitika. Iwo amakhala ndi chakuti umagwira kapena amasunga gulu la muyeso wa wambiri thupi.

Chilamulo Federal № 102 Mzimuyo SI monga njira, mmodzi amene anadzipereka - kayesedwe. Phatikizani chipangizo kuona zida m'dziko lathu angakhoze kokha Federal bungwe kwa lamulo luso ndi metrology.

Gawo SI

Pano pali gulu ambiri akayezetsa zida mu metrology ndi kayesedwe:

• Kuona magawo kwa kudziwa:
  • kuthamanga;
  • kutentha;
  • kuchuluka;
  • yofanana;
  • njira ndende ndi zina zotero.
• Yaikulu anayeza:
  • amodzi chuma;
  • AIDS.
• Standardization SI:
  • yovomerezeka;
  • sanali yovomerezeka.
• Pa zinthu chiwembu yotsimikiza:
  • miyezo;
  • SI antchito.
• Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zochita zokha:
  • dzanja;
  • makina;
  • zodziwikiratu.
• Malinga tehnaznacheniyu:
  • kuyeza thupi zedi - SR, kubereka kapena kasungidwe phindu la munthu / zamitundu angapo;
  • Meter - SI, mungathe kudziwa kufunika amayezedwa osiyanasiyana ena;
  • Chopatsilira - SR, amene otembenuka mtengo mpandawo ndi mzake;
  • kuyeza dongosolo - kuipidwa, kaphatikizidwe transmitters angapo, zida ndi zochita, limene lili ndi malo enieni;
  • kuyeza dongosolo - kuipidwa kuti Chili miyeso angapo, zipangizo, machitidwe ndi transducers angathe kuyeza kuwombera mu madera osiyana a chinthu;
  • Muyeso ndi kompyuta dongosolo - dongosolo kuti Chili angapo SI, makompyuta, cholinga kuthana chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa muyeso wa zinthu zovuta.

Miyezo: zoyimira ndi njira

Muyeso amatchedwa kupeza mfundo za makhalidwe kufunika empirically ndi SI. njira yake yaikulu ndi awiri - mwamsanga kuwunika ndi kufanana kwa muyeso. Last zina ogaŵikana masiyanidwe, ziro, njira mwangozi ndi chitsutso. Nkhani yoyenera SI kusiyanitsa kwenikweni, heuristic, akatswiri njira malangizo.

Ponena za metrology ndi miyezo, tikuimira gulu la mitundu otsiriza:

• Mapangidwe molondola: molondola ofanana ndi wosiyana. Kapena molondola pazipita, calibration ndi ulamuliro wa zomangamanga.
• Mwa njira yodalirika deta: kukhudzana ndi contactless.
• Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa miyezo: osakwatiwa ndi angapo.
• Posintha mtundu wa mtengo mpandawo: malo amodzi ndi zazikulu.
• Pamene anafuna: metrological ndi luso.
• Malinga zosiyanasiyana chifaniziro cha Zotsatira: wachibale ndi mtheradi.
• Malinga ndi njira yodalirika deta imayenera: mwachindunji, mosadziwika, chokhala ndi migwirizano.

Mapulogalamu SI

Pomaliza ulusi "Metrology, chingwe, chingwe chida" kutanthauza ntchito SI malinga FZ № 102:

• zoteteza chilengedwe;
• chitetezo ntchito;
• boma ulamuliro;
• malo a ntchito makampani chitetezo;
• hydrometeorology;
• ndalama, msonkho, miyambo, ntchito banki;
• masewera;
• pamsewu;
• mankhwala Chowona Zanyama;
• zakuweluzidwa kwa milandu;
• kutumiza positi ofesi;
• motsata ziyenera;
• mankhwala;
• ulamuliro opangira;
• madera, woyeza;
• CD malonda;
• ntchito;
• munda wa mphamvu nyukiliya.

Mfundo ndi metrology zofunika kafukufuku, kuyesera, ndi m'magulu onse a anthu. Ngati palibe standardization mu metrology n'kovuta kupanga, njira muyeso kwambiri kukhala mbali ya moyo wa munthu.