Malamulo onse a zachuma msika. Kodi ntchito mu chuma msika malamulo a zachuma?

chuma msika zachokera malamulo angapo ofunika. Iwo zayambika zaka mazana angapo. Magwero a zinthu izi kuona mmene ntchito mu chuma msika malamulo a zachuma.

mfundo zofunika

palibe msika sakanamawonekera kupanga phindu popanda chifuniro cha anthu. amalonda akhama amene analenga kampani awo kutulutsa katundu ndi kupereka iwo kwa ogula ndi imodzi mwa nsanamira chofunika kwambiri chuma ufulu. Komabe, palibe bizinesi sangathe kukhala bizinesi, ngati iye anali zosiyanasiyana za umwini analibe, komanso njira ya ulimi. Ndi zinthu zimenezi zingatithandize kumvetsa mmene lamulo chuma chuma msika.

Wonjezerani ndi kufunika aukitsa mtengo wa katundu. Mu dongosolo zina chuma (anakonza) kuti Mzimuyo boma. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu chimatsogoleredwa yekha ndi mfundo zawo za chikonzero cha zochita zake. Market Ngwachikwanekwane ku chikhalidwe, choncho mitengo anatsimikiza mtima wonse pa izo.

chuma imene pali zopinga palibe boma, koma ayenera motsatira malamulo. Choyamba, mfundo imeneyi anafotokoza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu (mawu ena, mabungwe a zachuma).

mpikisano

Waukulu mbali ya chuma msika ndi mpikisano. Ndi mkangano pakati pa zisudzo osiyana phindu, kupanga makasitomala ndi zina zotero. D. The zikhalidwe za mpikisano awo angakhale osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri kudziwa mpikisano wangwiro. N'zotheka, ngati msika ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha makampani, palibe amene sangaumirize mawu a adani awo. Monga ulamuliro, ndi lotereli makampani latsopano. Zizindikiro za mpikisano changwiro mopanda malire ophunzira msika, komanso ufulu mtengo mlingo.

Koma msika vuto Mulungu adzagonjetsa. Kuwonjezera wangwiro, mwina mpikisano ungwiro. Mu zinthu izi, mmodzi wa tidaipanga kumakhudza msika ndi kuwononga mpikisano. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali njira zosiyanasiyana (anapereka mitengo kukhuthula, chilengedwe cha zimalepheretsa kulowa adani makampani ndi zina. D.). Msika chuma kungachititse kuti mapangidwe kuphangira pamene gulu limodzi, asaaonerera pa pyonsene wa gawo ake. Pankhaniyi, mtengo ndi khalidwe la katundu ali malinga ndi mbali imodzi yokha.

Lamulo la okwanira ndi kufunika

Mu 1890, Chingerezi zachuma Alfred Marshall, anakonza makamaka malamulo chuma chuma msika. chiphunzitso chake chachikulu anali lingaliro kwa ubale okwanira ndi akumufuna. Izi zizindikiro awiri ndi makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a zachuma aliyense msika.

Mfundo zotsatirazi lamulo. M'munsi mtengo chobalidwa, m'pamenenso wakukufunsani ogula ndi opanga kupereka m'munsi. The vuto chimabwezeletsa choona mmbuyo. Monga ulamuliro, mtengo uli woikidwa pa mgwirizano mfundo, amene ntchito ndi malamulo chuma chuma msika. Kodi mfundo zimenezi? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli choyamba tiyenera kudziwa ndendende zimene ankafuna ali.

Mawu amenewa anakonza m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Kuuza akufunsa purchasers oyembekezera kapena leni kupeza katundu wina kuwombola anthu ena ndalama. Mbali imeneyi ikusonyeza awiri mbali yofunika kwambiri ogula ndi - chilakolako chake kugula chinachake ndi mphamvu yake kulipira mtengo wa kufunika.

elasticity wa kufunika

Khalidwe n'kofunika kufunika ake elasticity. Mawu amenewa amanena makasitomala anachita kusintha mitengo chofunika. Pofuna kudziwa pali mtengo wapadera, zomwe zimakhudza malamulo chuma chuma msika. mmene kuti wogula ndi zofunika kwambiri kukhala ndi mankhwala mpikisano. Tiyerekeze kuti mtengo chitsanzo chimodzi cha makina chinawonjezeka. Ngati wogula amadziwa kuti ukhoza kugula galimoto mtengo kuposa zofanana, kusankha ake adzakhala zosachita mapeto.

dongosolo msika ndi mpikisano si kopindulitsa kukweza mitengo, ngati awo mtengo otsutsa chofunika adzakhala m'munsi. ubwenzi amalamulira mfundo kampani bwino ndi aluso malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. Amakhala ndi moyo mwa malamulo cholinga chuma chuma msika.

The elasticity wa kufunika wa ogula zedi zochuluka khumi zapitazi chifukwa patsogolo sayansi. Pamaso pa intaneti ndi mwayi ufulu mfundo zonse kulola ogula msanga tikupeza boma la mitengo ya katundu yemweyo ku makampani osiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha momwe ntchito mu chuma msika malamulo a zachuma.

Chilamulo Engel ndi

Munthu aliyense amasankha kugula awo kwa zasungidwa zawo. Umoyo kumakhudza mwachindunji pa zimene ogula angakwanitse. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, ubwenzi umenewu wakhala ankafufuza ndi Ernst Engel - German wasayansi, amene anakhala tate wa mbalume sayansi.

The Economist inanena kuti ndi kutukuka kukula kwa makasitomala makamaka amakonda kusintha katundu. Engel adafotokoza (ndipo kenako m'Malemba lingaliro) kuti zochepa ndalama munthu, m'pamenenso limagwiritsa ntchito pa chakudya. Palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti anthu osauka sangakwanitse Mwachitsanzo, kuyenda pafupipafupi.

Komabe, wasayansi German chiphunzitso wake anatsindika mfundo yakuti, pamodzi ndi patsogolo a ndalama za magulu osiyana a katundu sizikula mogwirizana. malamulo Economic mu chuma msika ndi zotsatira zawo ofunitsitsa ndi makulidwe chikwama wogula a. Ngati munthu wosauka limagwiritsa ntchito pa zasungidwa chakudya theka, munthu wachuma tikatha zochuluka zawo pa zinthu zosiyana kwambiri, koma amapereka zina mphamvu.

chiphunzitso cha mowa ndi

M'zaka za m'ma XX kuti wauka zikuchepa ntchito zamalonda m'mayiko patsogolo. Panali otchedwa golide biliyoni. Kotero ife anaitanitsa anthu a m'mayiko ambiri otukuka. M'dziko limene palibe vuto kupulumuka kapena zinthu omangika amoyo, anthu amakonda kudya kwambiri. chitsanzo ali chuma chidwi. Choncho ananyamuka chiphunzitso cha mowa.

Ndi chiyani icho? The tenet chachikulu cha chiphunzitso ndi kopanda kuti aliyense akufuna makamaka zimawononga (kugula onse latsopano). Daily kugula, kugula, etc. - .. Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za msika ophunzira. Chiphunzitso ichi, kumwa imatengedwa chinthu chachikulu kudziŵa dzuwa la chuma.

Chilamulo Pareto

Zofunika kwa chuma chilichonse ndi vuto la bungwe moyenera ntchito iliyonse kupanga. Onse boma ndi mabizinesi akukumana ndi kusankha: mmene kuonetsetsa chuma chawo kuti azipeza mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito kapena kampani. Pali lamulo chilengedwe Pareto, umene umati 20% kuyesetsa amapereka 80% zotsatira za, ndi otsala 80% khama anapatsidwa 20% zotsatira zake.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuchita? Mwini aliyense ayenera kudziwa kuti konza kampani anu osachepera zochita zofunika anapereka pazipita zotheka chifukwa. Ichi ndi vuto la Mwachangu zachuma.

Za kuchuluka kwa zinthu msika ochepa ndi katundu. Kuti ndi zolondola zochita angathe kuyambitsa zotsatira zofunika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ambiri zochita zoipa ndipo musataye theka phindu. Pareto Chilamulo ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa malonda ndi amalonda. makampani Wopambana ntchito kokha mu zigawo yeniyeni msika komwe angakapeze phindu kwambiri ndi khama osachepera.

Chiphunzitso zosatheka utatu

Masiku ano boma sangathe iyende angapo zotsutsana za malamulo a zachuma amatchula. Kodi ntchito mu chuma msika malamulo chuma masiku ano? Pali kungoganizira za otchedwa zosatheka utatu. Iwo kwagona kuti n'zosatheka kukwaniritsa atathana kusinthitsa ndalama pa nthawi yomweyo, likulu la ufulu ndi ufulu wodzilamulira mu ndondomeko ndalama.

Chiphunzitsochi chinali bungwe Nobel mu zachuma Robert Mundell mu 1999. Lamulo limeneli chuma kukakamiza boma kusankha zinthu zina mu malamulo ake kupereka ubwino msika chifukwa ena.

lamulo mtengo

Pali zinthu zambiri kudziwa malamulo a zachuma zinthu chuma msika. Ena mwa iwo mwachindunji kucheza ndi mzake. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi liwulo kwa malamulo a msika lamulo la mtengo ndi mitengo malamulo. Lembali limati mankhwala amagulitsidwa mtengo logwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito padera mu izo.

Ambiri mwa mankhwala a zachuma ntchito umatulutsa angapo opanga. Kuti mokwanira kuwunika ntchito padera mbali zonse, mukufunika kuwombola ofanana. Musanayambe kutenga mbali mu izo, Mlengi ali kuyamba kupereka mankhwala n'kofunika anthu ndipo amakhala mu akumufuna. Izi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene, akapanda ichi kudzakhala phindu. Komanso, gulu lirilonse ayenera kuunikira ndalama zake. Pofuna kupeza ndalama ndi, Mlengi ayenera kusunga ndalama yanu pa mlingo palibe kuposa chikhalidwe kutero. Apa mmene ntchito malamulo chuma chuma msika.

Lamulo la msika mgwirizano

Masiku ano pali malamulo osiyana chuma chuma msika. Kodi mfundo zimenezi ndi zikusintha dongosolo? chuma msika ndi siyanitsa ndi chizolowezi, n'zosatheka kuneneratu imene malangizo lidzachokadi mawa. Free malonda ndi malonda kupanga kwambiri mfundo zimene zimakhudza mtengo.

Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa, akatswiri anakonza lamulo la msika mgwirizano. Iwo ubwera pa nthawi imene buku la okwanira ndi kufunika akuwafanizira. The yang'anira waukulu ubwenzi ndi mtengo. Wonjezerani ndi kufunika amalola chuma kudziwa zinthu angati ndi mankhwala koyenera kuti chuma chonse. Kodi msika mgwirizano, ndi pa dzanja kwa alimi ndi ogula.

Imeneyi, ogula zimaperekedwa katundu pokhapokha ngati angakwanitse. Palibe zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti ntchito ya malamulo chuma chuma msika. Mu kukhalapo kwa chinthu ichi, Mlengi alibe kuchotsa katundu owonjezera yosabala zomvetsa wake. Market mgwirizano limalola mwini wa mankhwala kapena kutumikira bwino ndi kukhala malonda awo, chimene chiri chabwino kwa chuma.

kuipa msika

Mu chuma msika ali ndi zovuta zake mwachindunji. Chotero dongosolo kungapangitse kuti anthu onse kulingana chikhalidwe. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kwa nkhaniyi kufalitsidwa ndalama. msika lakonzedwa kuti munthu kwenikweni watanthauzo ndi ena pa nthawi yomweyo angakhale osauka.

chuma amenewa sikali ntchito kwa anthu onse. Mu zikhalidwe msika munthu aliyense ali ndi kudzisamalira. The UN Akuti anthu oposa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka wakula kwambiri kuposa kawiri. chitsanzo chimenechi ndiyo nkhani zotsutsa a mbali ya malingaliro leftist ndi adani capitalist.