Makhalidwe otayirira ... Ndi chiyani icho? Kutanthauza chodabwitsa m'nthawi chikhalidwe 19

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu luso European ndi mabuku chodabwitsa latsopano. Inali kudziŵika makhalidwe otayirira. Ndi chiyani icho? Kumasulira kwa French (kapena ngakhale ku akale Latin) otanthauza "likamalowa", "kuchepa". Poyamba, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi azambiriyakale pomakambirana momwe zinthu mu chikhalidwe cha mochedwa Roma kalekale. Komano, ayamba akuti okha ojambula zithunzi, kenako anamupatsa tanthauzo losiyana pang'ono. Makhalidwe otayirira ankaona chinachake chapadera, otsutsana philistinism ndi lemekezedwa anthuŵa. The Russian Art & maphunziro zolembalemba zambiri ntchito mawu osiyana. Izi ndi "makhalidwe otayirira."

Mu mbali zithunzi zaluso ndi otsatira chodabwitsa atsopano kawirikawiri ankatsutsa formalization umenewu kalembedwe otchuka ndi ochiritsira ndi maphunziro. Oimira otayirira, kwenikweni, anali amakono ndi ankafunitsitsa kuti mitundu yatsopano imene maganizo awo, zambiri zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe komanso nthawi zambiri amatsutsana chikhalidwe ano. Komanso, olemba ndi ndakatulo amene zinalembedwa kalembedwe ichi, anafuna malire kudzinenera zakukhosi. Iwo anali ndi chidwi osati kwambiri tsogolo la anthu, koma ndi nkhani ya kukhalapo, kapena kani, miyendo yake. Nzosadabwitsa kuti amaganizira imfa ya makhalidwe otayirira wathu.

Kutanthauza, ndithudi, zasintha chikhalidwe lero, ndi mtundu wa mkwatulo ugliness, chisoni ndi mantha. Mwachidule, kodi mtengo otchedwa Goths. Koma m'masiku amenewo, olemba ndakatulo, amisiri ndi olemba osati adafuna "okonda imfa." Iwo anayesera kutsegula izi m'malo taboo "Afilisti" lathu.

Ndipo kotero tinena kwa tokha, makhalidwe otayirira ... ndichiyani? Kodi anachita zodabwitsazi ndi zomwe izo zikutanthauza? Ife tikuyesera kuti osati popachika chizindikiro pa iyo, ndi kumvetsa chifukwa chake anthu awa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chiwerewere. Ndi ndiAmene chachikulu - Verlaine, Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Teofil Gote ... Mwina chifukwa ambiri a iwo adakhulupirira kuti mfundo za makhalidwe abwino a anthu masiku ano kumakhalanso ndi lothandiza akhala m'gulu ofunda. Ndipo, mwinamwake, malamulowo amafuna kukula. Akukhulupirira kuti alakatuli aipa, monga Oscar Wilde, ankachita chidwi ndi zoipa. Koma wolemba ndi esthete kwenikweni anavutika chifukwa cha kugonana awo. Lero, ambiri zokometsera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mokomera anthu oterewa tiyenera kukhala ndi mwayi chifukwa chololera kuzindikira.

Makhalidwe otayirira ... Ndi chiyani icho? Ndizo zokhudza adazizwa wotchuka katswiri wa za XIX m'ma Fridrih Nitsshe. Yankho limeneli motere: ndi nthawi imene chikhalidwe akamwalira, amakhala moyang'anizana ake, ndipo munthuyo imafoola ndipo wotaya chifuniro moyo ndi mphamvu. Iye seconded ndi Spengler. Chikhalidwe Ulaya watsopano ukucheperachepera, ndi wotaya zonse udindo waukulu. Komabe, m'zaka makumi awiri wationetsera kuti ndi chodabwitsa osokoneza anali chabe nyengo yachisanu ikupita kusintha. Mwina otsatira ake anaganiza njira ya mavuto aakulu, zapadziko lonse ndi mikangano. Ndipotu, makhalidwe athu ndi zoona anasintha. Ndipo tsopano, kamodzinso otchuka mawu "makhalidwe otayirira". Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu ano? Kwa ena ndi kumulakalaka luso m'ma XIX, munthu - imfa chisangalalo, koma munthu - basi Album gulu "Agata Kristi". Tikukhala m'nthawi ya zipani. Chisankho chiri mdzanja lathu.