Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi kutsimikizika: mfundo zofunika

Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi kutsimikizika ndi maziko a mapulogalamu ndi hardware ano chitetezo, monga misonkhano ina ali makamaka anafuna mathandizidwe cha nkhani zimenezi. Zikhulupiriro chikuimira mtundu wa mzere woyamba wa chitetezo, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mudziwe malo bungwe.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi kutsimikizika ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zoyambirira nkhani (wosuta kapena ndondomeko zimene amachita m'malo mwa) mwayi womuuza dzina lawo. Kudzera mwa kutsimikizika ndi mbali yachiwiri ndi pang'ono kuti nkhaniyi kwenikweni amene iye akudzinenera kuti. Nthawi zambiri, monga chizindikiro lofanana ndi kutsimikizika m'malo mwa mawu oti "Post dzina" ndi "kutsimikizika".

Iwo anawagawa mitundu angapo. Kenako, tikambirana kuti kuzindikiridwa ndi kutsimikizika ndi chomwe iwo ali.

kutsimikizika

Mfundo imeneyi amapereka kwa mitundu iwiri: yokha, kasitomala choyamba tiyenera kutsimikizira makina kwa kutsimikizira, ndi amgwirizano, ndiye pamene kutsimikizira Mgwirizano maphunziro. Chitsanzo cha mmene kuchititsa chizindikiritso muyezo ndi kutsimikizika wa owerenga - ndi fufuzani mu dongosolo linalake. Choncho, osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mu malo kompyuta, kumene chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika kwa owerenga anapanga pa mwachirengedwe omwazika maphwando, tione msonkhano kusiyana ndi mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu:

• kuti amachita monga authenticator ndi;
• mmene bungwe ndi nzeru deta kutsimikizika ndi chizindikiritso ndi mmene kuteteza.

Kutsimikiza lodalirika ake, nkhani Muziipereka kwa mmodzi wa mabungwe otsatirawa:

• zinthu zina zimene iye amadziwa (nambala munthu, ndi achinsinsi, ndi wapadera cryptographic kiyi, etc ...);
• chinthu chinachake chimene iye mwini (khadi kapena ena chipangizo ena ndi cholinga ofanana);
• chinthu chinachake, zomwe ndi mbali ya izo (zala, mawu kapena zina biometric chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika kwa owerenga).

mbali dongosolo

Mu malo lotseguka network maphwando alibe njira zimene adazikhulupirira, zikunenedwa kuti ambiri, mfundo kudzera mwa phunziro Mwina m'kupita kukhala osiyana ndi zimene timaphunzira ndi ntchito kutsimikizika. Amafuna chitetezo cha udakali chabe maukonde sniffer, ndiko kuti, chitetezo zosintha, kudutsana kapena kubwezeretsa deta osiyana. Achinsinsi kutengerapo mwayi mu bwino si zogwira mtima, ndipo basi sangathe kudzipulumutsa tsiku, ndi mapasiwedi encrypted, chifukwa iwo anapereka, kubwezeretsa chitetezo. N'chifukwa chake lero ntchito ndondomeko zovuta kwambiri kutsimikizika.

Odalirika kuzindikiritsa zovuta osati chifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuwaopseza maukonde, komanso pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zina. The pafupifupi gulu loyamba aliyense kutsimikizika akhoza kwathu, kapena tisalembe kapena Scouting. ndi kusemphana maganizo kudalirika kwa dongosolo ntchito ndi pano, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi dongosolo woyang'anira kapena wosuta maofesi - pa ena. Choncho, chifukwa cha chitetezo chofunika ndi ena pafupipafupi kufunsa wosuta kuti adzathe oyamba mfundo zake kutsimikizika (monga m'malo akhoza kukhala anthu ena zina), ndipo osati amalenga vuto zina, komanso kwambiri kumawonjezera mwayi kuti munthu akhoza azifufuza mfundo zolakwika. Komanso, kudalirika kwa chitetezo zikutanthauza zimakhudza kwambiri kufunika kwake.

Modern chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika machitidwe kuthandiza maganizo umodzi chizindikiro kwa maukonde, amene makamaka makamaka zimatenga zofunika mu mawu a wosuta-waubwenzi. Ngati muyezo makampani maukonde ali zambiri ntchito zambiri, kupereka n'zotheka ndi makope palokha, ndiye utsogoleli angapo a deta amakhala kwambiri olemetsa. Pa nthawi adakali n'zosatheka kuti ntchito limodzi chizindikiro kwa maukonde yachibadwa, monga njira lalikulu si anapanga.

Choncho, ambiri mukusaka kukondera pakati chodya, mayiko ndiponso kudalirika kwa ndalama, amene amathandiza kuzindikiritsa / kutsimikizika. Wosuta chilolezo mu nkhani iyi ikuchitika motsatira malamulo munthu.

mwapadera ziperekedwe chakuti utumiki ntchito akhoza anasankha monga chinthu cholimbana kupezeka. Ngati kasinthidwe dongosolo analengedwa mu njira yakuti pambuyo angapo akuyesetsa analephera kulowa n'zotheka wakhala zokhoma ndiye tizilomboto chingaimitse ntchito ogwiritsa yovomerezeka ndi keystrokes chabe.

kutsimikizika achinsinsi

The mwayi waukulu a dongosolo lino kuti ndi losavuta kwambiri ndipo bwino kwa kwambiri. Achinsinsi akhala ntchito mwa machitidwe opaleshoni ndipo zina, ndipo ndi ntchito yoyenera ya chitetezo anapereka, zomwe zili zovomerezeka kwambiri kwa mabungwe ambiri. Komano, ndi akonzedwa wamba makhalidwe a machitidwe oterewa ndi njira anafooka imene chizindikiritso / kutsimikizika akhoza akuyendera. Chilolezo Pankhaniyi amakhala wosavuta, chifukwa achinsinsi ayenera kukhala catchy, koma si zovuta ndikuganiza mitundu yosavuta, makamaka ngati munthu akudziwa zokonda za wosuta makamaka.

Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti mapasiwedi ali, mfundo, osati mseri, ngati ali wokongola muyezo mfundo mwachindunji mu zolembedwa zachindunji, ndipo si nthawi zonse dongosolo waikidwa, kusintha iwo.

Pamene mukulowa achinsinsi inu mukhoza kuwona, mwa zina, ngakhale anthu ntchito yapadera zida kuwala.

Ogwiritsa, nkhani yaikulu ya chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika, mapasiwedi nthawi zambiri auze anzake kuti anthu nthawi zina zasintha mwini. Akuti mu zoterezi zingakhale zolondola kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito amazilamulira wapadera mwayi, komabe si ntchito. Ndipo ngati achinsinsi akudziwa anthu awiri, izo kumawonjezera kwambiri kwambiri mwayi kuti m'nthawi ya mapeto a izo ndi kuphunzira zambiri.

Kodi vutolo?

Pali zida zambiri monga kuzindikiritsa ndi kutsimikizika angatetezedwe. The zambiri processing chigawo akhoza kutsimikiza motere:

• The imposition zofooka zosiyanasiyana luso. Nthawi zambiri malamulo pa kutalika achinsinsi ndi ochititsa zilembo zina.
• Office achinsinsi atapita, ie iwo ayenera m'malo nthawi.
• Limited kupeza file zofunika achinsinsi.
• Malire a chiwerengero kufuna analephera kuti zilipo pamene inu fufuzani. Chifukwa cha nkhondo izi ziyenera kuperekedwa zochita zokha kuchita chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika komanso njira kusanja sangathe ntchito.
• maphunziro kuyambirira wa owerenga.
• Ntchito yapadera mapulogalamu achinsinsi jenereta kuti angalenge ma amenewa ndiwo mokwanira nyimbo zokoma ndi wosaiwalika.

Onse zonsezi angagwiritsidwe ntchito Mulimonsemo, ngakhale pamodzi ndi mapasiwedi nawonso ntchito njira zina kutsimikizika.

mapasiwedi kamodzi

The embodiments pamwamba ndi reusable, ndi otseguka ma tizilomboto ali wokhoza kuchita ntchito zina m'malo ndi malangizo. N'chifukwa chake monga njira mphamvu kugonjetsedwa kuti n'zotheka chabe maukonde sniffer, ntchito mapasiwedi kamodzi mwa zomwe chizindikiritso ndi dongosolo kutsimikizika zambiri otetezeka, ngakhale monga yabwino.

Panthawi m'modzi wa otchuka kwambiri mapulogalamu kamodzi achinsinsi jenereta ndi dongosolo lotchedwa S / MUNGAGWIRITSE, anamasulidwa ndi Bellcore. Cholinga chenicheni cha dongosolo ndi kuti pali ntchito zina za F, amene amadziwika kuti onse wosuta ndi makina kutsimikizika. Zotsatirazi ndi chinsinsi kiyi K, zodziwika kokha kwa wosuta yeniyeni.

Pa koyamba makonzedwe wosuta, nchito imeneyi ntchito kiyi maulendo angapo, ndiye zotsatira lili pa makina. Kenako, ndondomeko kutsimikizika chiri motere:

1. Pa dongosolo wosuta kuchokera Seva abwera nambala yomwe ndi 1 zosakwana chiwerengero cha nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito kwa chinsinsi.
2. Ogwiritsa Ntchito ntchito makiyi chinsinsi chiwerengero cha nthawi kuti lakhazikitsidwa msonga yoyamba, inatuluka chotsatira watumidwa kudzera maukonde mwachindunji makina kutsimikizika.
3. Seva amagwiritsa ntchito imeneyi pa mtengo analandira, ndiyeno chifukwa akuwafanizira ndi mtengo kale kusungidwa. Ngati zotsatira zikugwirizana, ndiye adzadziwire wosuta udzakhazikitsidwe, ndi makina zimasunga phindu latsopano, kenako amachepetsa kauntala ndi mmodzi.

Zochita kukhazikitsa njira imeneyi ali ndi dongosolo penapake zosavuta, koma pa mphindi zilibe kanthu. Popeza ntchito ndi sizingasinthe, ngakhale achinsinsi kudutsana kapena kupeza mwayi wosaloleka makina kutsimikizika sasamalira n'zotheka kupeza fungulo payekha ndi njira iliyonse kulosera mmene ndendende kuyang'ana ngati izi kamodzi achinsinsi.

Mu Russia msonkhano wogwirizana wapadera boma zipata - "Wapadera dongosolo la chizindikiritso / kutsimikizika" ( "ESIA").

njira ina dongosolo amphamvu kutsimikizika kwagona kuti achinsinsi latsopano kwaiye pa intervals lalifupi, amene anazindikiranso pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera kapena makhadi zosiyanasiyana anzeru. Mu nkhani iyi, Seva kutsimikizika ayenera kulandira ofanana achinsinsi ikuyambitsa aligorivimu ndi magawo ena amagwirizana ndi izo, ndi kuwonjezera, ayenera akhale nanu pamene Seva wotchi kalunzanitsidwe ndi kasitomala.

Kerberos

Kerberos kutsimikizika Seva kwa nthawi yoyamba anaonekera m'ma 90s wa atumwi wotsiriza, koma popeza ndiye anali atalandira kale kwambiri kusintha ofunika. Pa mphindi, ndi munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu za dongosolo alipo pafupifupi dongosolo ano opaleshoni.

Cholinga chachikulu cha msonkhano uno kuthetsa vuto zotsatirazi: pali ena omwe si otetezeka maukonde ndi mfundo mu maonekedwe ake wambiri ogwiritsa zosiyanasiyana nkhani, ndi kachitidwe Seva ndi mapulogalamu kasitomala. Aliyense chilli ngati alipo munthu chinsinsi kiyi ndi nkhani mwayi kutsimikizira kudalirika kwawo kwa phunziro S, popanda umene chabe sadzakhala msonkhano izo, ayenera osati yekha, komanso kusonyeza kuti akudziwa ena chinsinsi kiyi. Pa nthawi yomweyo Ndi zosatheka kutumiza monga mbali ya S anu chinsinsi fungulo mu Poyamba maukonde ndi lotseguka, ndi kuwonjezera, S sakudziwa, ndipo mfundo ayenera sakumudziwa. Imeneyi, ntchito zochepa m'mbali luso chionetsero cha chidziwitso cha zomwe.

Pakompyuta chizindikiritso / kutsimikizika kudzera dongosolo Kerberos amapereka ntchito yake chipani wokhulupirika lachitatu, amene ali zokhudza makiyi chinsinsi cha malo serviced ndi kuwathandiza pochita kutsimikizika pairwise ngati n'koyenera.

Choncho, kasitomala woyamba anatumiza afunsa kuti lili ndi mfundo zofunika za izo, komanso utumiki anapempha. Patatha izi, Kerberos zimamuthandiza ngati tikiti kuti encrypted ndi kiyi chinsinsi cha makina, komanso magazini ena a deta kwa iwo, chimene ndi chinsinsi chifungulo cha kasitomala. Ngati kuti udzakhazikitsidwe mudziwe kuti kasitomala anali kuwerenga cholinga, ndiye, iye anali wokhoza zimasonyeza kuti fungulo payekha amadziwika iye kwenikweni. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kasitomala ndi munthu yemwe iye ali.

mwapadera ayenera pano kumwedwa kuonetsetsa kuti kufala kwa makiyi obisika si ikuchitika pa maukonde, ndipo ntchito yokhayo yotumikira kubisa.

kutsimikizika ntchito biometrics

Biometrics kumafuna osakaniza makina chizindikiritso / kutsimikizika kwa anthu zochokera makhalidwe awo khalidwe kapena thupi. njira thupi la chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika kupereka diso jambulani ndi diso diso, Fingerprints, nkhope ndi dzanja Masamu, komanso zina zambiri zanu. makhalidwe khalidwe mulinso kalembedwe ntchito ndi kiyibodi ndi mphamvu ya siginecha. njira amaphatikizidwa ndi kusanthula makhalidwe osiyana a liwu anthu, komanso kuzindikira mawu ake.

Chotero chizindikiritso / kutsimikizika ndi kubisa machitidwe ntchito ambiri m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse, koma kwa nthawi yaitali, iwo ndi mtengo kwambiri mkulu ndi kuvuta ntchito. Posachedwapa, kusowa kwa mankhwala biometric chawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha chitukuko cha e-malonda, chifukwa, kuchokera amazionera a wosuta, ndi zosavuta kuti umabwera, kuposa kukumbukira zina zambiri. Choncho, kufunika amalenga okwanira, choncho msika anayamba kuoneka mankhwala otsika-wogulira, amene makamaka lolunjika pa kuzindikira zala.

Mu namtindi wa milandu, biometrics ntchito limodzi ndi authenticators zina monga makadi anzeru. Nthawi zambiri kutsimikizika biometric yekha mzere woyamba wa chitetezo ndi kumachita monga njira utithandize ndi smartcard, kuphatikizapo zinsinsi zosiyanasiyana cryptographic. Pamene ntchito njira imeneyi, ya M'manja biometric awasungira pa khadi yomweyo.

Ntchito m'munda wa biometrics ndi mokwanira mkulu. Zogwirizana alipo Consortium, komanso ntchito mwakhama ndi yofuna standardize mbali zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Today ife tikhoza kuwona kwambiri nkhani malonda kuti umisiri biometric ndi kuperekedwa ngati njira yabwino kupereka kuchuluka chitetezo ndi pa nthawi yomweyo angakwanitse kuti misa.

ESIA

dongosolo la chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika ( "ESIA") ndi utumiki wapadera cholinga kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana yotsimikiza ya lodalirika pofunsira ndi mamembala a interagency mgwirizano mu mwambo ntchito iliyonse oyang'anira tauni kapena anthu mu maonekedwe amagetsi.

Kuti apeze mwayi wokhala "zipata umodzi wa nyumba boma", komanso ina machitidwe mudziwe zomangamanga a alipo e-boma, choyamba muyenera kulembetsa nkhaniyi ndi chifukwa, kupeza AEDs.

misinkhu

Portal a dongosolo logwirizana la chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika amapereka mbali zitatu zoyambirira za nkhani anthu:

• Anasintha. Kuti kalembera ake chabe monga dzina lanu loyamba ndi lomaliza, komanso ena njira makamaka kulankhulana mu mawonekedwe a adiresi imelo kapena foni. Izi mlingo chachikulu chimene munthu agonjera kupeza okha mndandanda zochepa za mabungwe a boma, komanso maluso kachitidwe mudziwe alipo.
• Standard. Kupeza poyamba zofunika kuti apereke nkhani chosavuta, ndipo kenako kupereka mumve zambiri, kuphatikizapo mfundo chiwerengero pasipoti ndi inshuwalansi munthu nkhani. Mfundozi basi kufufuzidwa mwa dongosolo mfundo za Fund ndi penshioni, komanso Federal Ataliatali Service, ndipo, ngati kuyesedwa ndi bwino, chifukwa ndi wotembenuka mlingo muyezo, umathandiza wosuta kuti mndandanda kukodzedwa misonkhano boma.
• Kutsimikizira. Kuti mupeze motere chifukwa, dongosolo logwirizana la chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika amafuna owerenga nkhani muyezo, komanso umboni iwowo amene anachita ulendo munthu ndi udindo dipatimenti utumiki kapena kupeza ndi kutsegula malamulo kudzera kalata m'kaundula. Kukachitika kuti chitsimikiziro munthu ali bwino, chifukwa apita ku mlingo watsopano, ndi wosuta mudzapeza kupeza mndandanda wa mautumiki ofunika anthu.

Ngakhale kuti njira zingaoneke zovuta zokwanira makamaka mndandanda wonse deta chofunika akhoza kukhala mwachindunji pa webusaiti boma, n'zotheka kumaliza kulembetsa kwa masiku angapo.