Kodi mbali ya foni zofunika kwambiri? Maselo pansi simungathe kutiona

Pali mamiliyoni mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Awa okha mavairasi mitundu si ma moyo. onse zing'onozing'ono wake, koma waukulu structural wagawo ndi khola. Choncho, - chizindikiro yofunika ya munthu alipo, thupi limodzi kapena ufumu wina zachilengedwe. Mbali ndipo organelles selo akhoza kufotokoza mmene thupi moyo limakula ndi amene njira zimachitika mwa izo. Izi structural wagawo Kapangidwe ka nzeru ndi zofunika kumvetsa lonse la chikhalidwe ambiri.

Total dongosolo dongosolo selo

Cell pa maso - bwanji chidwi kwambiri. Ndi zodabwitsa mmene zobisika m'maso mwa munthu, ndipo pali pa mlingo wa microcosm ndi! Kutulukira wapadera chipangizo kuwala wakhala zotheka kukhala mbali ya motere, kufufuza ndi kumvetsa njira ya moyo, kuphunzira mmene nawo iwo ndi ntchito kuti athandize anthu.

Choncho, anapezeka kuti si zinthu zonse kukhala ndi nyumba unit. Kusiyana alipo pafupifupi aliyense wa ufumu. Mwachitsanzo, mbali yaikulu ya selo mbewu zosiyana ndi wa nyama. akuphatikizapo chalakwika mabakiteriya ndi bowa. Komabe, iwe ukhoza kuzindikira mfundo za dongosolo selo.

1. Nkhani majini mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu DNA (zamoyo eukaryotic - zomera, bowa, nyama - ndi anaikira mu phata, prokaryotes (mabakiteriya) alibe chikalata phata).
2. Kakhungu Cytoplasmic delimits nkhani za danga mkati ndi zotsatira kunja.
3. The cytoplasm ndi organelles ndi inclusions.

organelles ambiri ali chimodzimodzi kwa maselo onse, omwe kamodzinso zimatsimikizira magwero ofanana zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli. mbali kandalama aliyense unit wa amoyo ndithu kwambiri. Ndi Mwachitsanzo, pa:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• Golgi zida;
• EPS (reticulum kapena endoplasmic reticulum);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions mapuloteni ndi zimam'patsa ndi ena.

Pali pang'ono organelles zenizeni zimene zimapezeka oimira ufumu iliyonse ya chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mbali yaikulu ya zomera maselo - osati monga ngale, koma khoma selo ndi vacuole. An plastids zofunika, koma nyumba awa sali mu mayunitsi nyama.

Kodi mbali ya foni zofunika kwambiri?

Yankho la funso limeneli ndi zovuta ndithu. Ndipotu popanda mbali yake structural wa khungu sangathe kukhala bwinobwino ndi kukhala. Komabe pali zingapo lofunika kwambiri mwa ntchito za organelles ndi mbali.

1. Phata ndi nucleoli ndi majini zinthu anaikira mu DNA lapansi.
2. Mpanda maselo (zomera), cytoplasmic Kakhungu (maselo onse), mucic chipolopolo (kwa mabakiteriya).
3. The cytoplasm a zigawo zikuluzikulu structural.

Izi zigawo zikuluzikulu - ndi maziko a selo iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za chamoyo thupi limodzi kapena mtundu wina. Pakati pa organelles cytoplasmic akhoza amasonyeza mbali ya foni zofunika kwambiri.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Zida (zovuta) Golgi.

N'zoonekeratu kuti akuluakulu akhoza kudzitcha kwambiri mayunitsi onse structural wa nyumba unit wa zamoyo.

Ngale ndi matabwa ake

Mbiri maganizo kuti mbali yaikulu ya maselo - phata. Komabe, si onse nazo. Choncho, palibe mtima mu:

• okhwima maselo ofiira;
• akuchititsa maselo a zomera zimakhala ;
• mabakiteriya.

Palinso mitundu, amene, m'malo mwake, mtima angapo. Mwachitsanzo:

• poperchnopolosatye minofu;
• bowa;
• Seaweed;
• masamba lactiferous ziwiya.

Ambiri, angamulambirire dongosolo ndi imodzi mwa dongosolo ankaona. Pali magawo angapo zikuluzikulu zomwe amapanga maziko a aliyense.

1. Karyotheca (envelopu nyukiliya) - akuimira awiri Kakhungu dongosolo akuchita monga zopinga pakati pa cytoplasm ndi pakati lamkati. Kuti izo amagwira kunja kwa ribosome, ndi CSE, ndi Golgi zovuta.
2. Karyoplasm - mkati gel osakaniza masanjidwewo kudzaza pachimake. dzina lina - nucleoplasm. Ili ndi mapuloteni osiyana, ribosomal RNA.
3. Chromatin amatha zilekanitse helical DNA mwamphamvu odzaza. kapangidwe kake makamaka operekedwa ndi chingwe cha DNA. kashiamu ndi magnesium ayoni imapezekanso, mapuloteni, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, isanafalikire m'madera ozungulira DNA lapansi. Iwo zigwirizana RNA, DNA, mapuloteni. Ntchito khamu la subunits ribosomal kaphatikizidwe tsa-RNA (ribosomal RNA).

Ndi dongosolo ambiri dongosolo nyukiliya, kumene n'zoonekeratu kuti phindu la nyumba imeneyi mukachipinda - motsimikiza kuti abereke, yosungirako ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo, kaphatikizidwe mbali chibadwa.

The cytoplasm ndi tanthauzo lake

Kufunika kwa dongosolo lino yekha anatsegula Kutulukira ndi wamphamvu makamaka kuwonjezeka zida. Pamaso kuti izo zimayenera - chabe kuswana pansi organelles. Koma tsopano, inapeza kuti cytoplasm ali kapangidwe zotsatirazi.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments ndi machubu zovuta mapuloteni kuti apange maukonde pachimake. Mkati ndi kusuntha organelles selo.
2. Cytosol kapena hyaloplasm - colloidal cytoskeleton mkati zili m'menemo mchere kusungunuka, madzi, ndi lipids, mapuloteni, chakudya. Kuti njira kagayidwe selo ikuchitika amafotokozedwa nyumba pamodzi.
3. Ectoplasm - ndi cytoplasm, mwachindunji pafupi Kakhungu lapansi. Endoplasma - danga pakati karyotheca ndi ectoplasm.

Mu cytoplasm njira okhudza maselo ambiri zoyendera zimachitika kuti amalola kukhala pafupi zedi pa mbali constituent. Ndi kuyamika zonse zazikulu kayendedwe ka dongosolo mu organelles mwa maselo kusuntha.

Nembanemba cytoplasmic

Bwaloli bilipidny zotanuka wosanjikiza atagonjetsa ndi zedi. Chiphunzitso ambiri kapangidwe ka organelle ichi - chitsanzo madzi-zithunzi. Iwo chimalisiyanitsanso kunja ndi mkati chilengedwe selo. Ali kusankha permeability Choncho, chindiletsa ndi kutetezera ndi ingress wa particles yachilendo. M'mbali zambiri amakhala mawonekedwe selo.

Ngati yankho ku funso lakuti: "Kodi selo zofunika kwambiri", woyamba adzakhala ndendende Kakhungu, chifukwa izo ziri mu aliyense wa iwo. Kusiyana dongosolo zimachitika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Chifukwa bakiteriya khalidwe m'gulu zikuchokera chitin, nyama - kulibe.

mitochondria

nyumba awa si kanthu wotchedwa mphamvu kapena "zomera mphamvu" maselo. Ndi mu njira izi zimachitika phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni chifukwa mu mphamvu anamasulidwa ATP (adenosine triphosphate). M'tsogolo, mphamvu imeneyi ndi gwero njira zonse za moyo, onse mkati ndi kunja.

Mayina a mbali ya maselo sanali anatengedwa yomweyo. Pankhani ya mitochondria poyambirira mu 1894, nyumba izi yatchedwa pansi pa dzina bioblastov.

Palokha, kapangidwe ka organelle ichi makamaka chidwi. Lakunja Kakhungu bilayer. The M'kati ali ndi dongosolo apangidwe, imagwiritsidwa cristae, pa amene anakonza ribosome ambiri.

Mitochondria ndi DNA zawo ndi mitundu iwiri RNA (zoyendera ndi masanjidwewo). Komanso pali zovuta mapulotini. chiwerengero cha nyumba selo zosiyanasiyana, amene amadalira pa ntchito limba. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mitochondria muli ena a minofu.

ribosomes

Small wozungulira mdima dongosolo kuti Tingaone pamene kufufuza maselo pansi ndi elekitironi maso, wotchedwa ribosomes. Ndi mbali yaikulu ya foni, chifukwa iwo ali mwachindunji yogwira mbali mu msonkhano wa zedi.

Okha, iwo anapereka ribonucleoprotein zimapanga wachinayi wa misa lonse selo. Wapangidwa subunits awiri yosiyana ndi ogwirizana wozungulira umodzi mwa mawonekedwe. Mayina a Golgi zovuta, EPS, mitochondria, phata. Lili mkati zina.

Iwo apanga ndi ribosomes mu mamolekyulu koyenera kuti njira zonse za pulasitiki ndi mphamvu kagayidwe mapuloteni.

endoplasmic reticulum

maselo pansi simungathe kutiona akufanana ndi ndikuyenda kwambiri striated. Iyi ndi dongosolo chifukwa monga EPS kapena endoplasmic reticulum, reticulum. Imafotokoza zopezera lonse la njira nthambi, timachubu, mbale, amene entangle organelles onse, makamaka kwambiri anaikira padziko phata la.

Pakuti ducts awa ndi ngalande ndi gulu (thiransipoti) particles osiyana selo imodzi gawo lina. Choncho EPS - monga mmodzi wa nyumba yake yaikulu.

Vacuole ndi mpanda selo - selo chomera

Ngati yankho ku funso lakuti: "Kodi selo zofunika kwambiri zomera", kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, muyenera kuwonjezera angapo. Izi makamaka khoma selo. Ndi wandiweyani envelopu zotsatirazi nembanemba cytoplasmic. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mapadi ndi zina chakudya ndi amapereka mphamvu yapadera maselo. Mitengo ndi impregnated ndi zinthu zapadera - lignin. N'chifukwa chake makungwa zawo. Ndiponso, selo khoma dongosolo kupanga mawonekedwe selo wonse.

Vacuole - ichi ndi gawo lalikulu la mayunitsi chomera dongosolo. Pamafunika pafupifupi buku lonse la malo amkati selo. Madzi odzazidwa mkati, zomwe selo kuyamwa. Izi osakaniza madzi, mavitamini, mchere, mahomoni, chakudya.

plastids

Komabe zigawo zina za selo mbewu - plastids. Umaimiridwa ndi mitundu itatu:

• leucoplasts - colorless;
• chromoplasts - wofiira, lalanje, inki wachikasu;
• chloroplasts - muli wobiriwira pigment chlorophyll.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi wotsiriza, chifukwa amagwira ntchito photosynthesis.