Greek Theatre. History of Theater

Dziko lonse mu chifaniziro cha Agiriki akale - ndi zochitika za zisudzo, ndipo anthu - ndi zisudzo adabuluka kudzulu kuti udindo, kenako kupita anaiwalika. Pamaziko a zopanda ndi zizindikiro ankaganizira anayambitsa Greek Theater, imene kwathunthu amasonyeza chipembedzo cha Agiriki. Nthawi yoyamba zisudzo anali okonda kwambiri zachipembedzo mu chilengedwe, koma pang'onopang'ono sewerolo ukuyandikira ku moyo weniweni wa anthu wamba.

kutchuka

The zikamera wa zisudzo Greek amagwirizana ndi mwambo wa chipembedzo wa Dionisiyo, mulungu wa zomera, vinyo kukula, popanga vinyo. Zoimira zinamangidwa pa ziwembu wodzipereka kwa chinthu ichi m'mwamba, ndipo zinapatsira ndi kulambira molemekeza a mulungu. Greek Theatre, anaonekera mu VI m'ma BC ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakhala mbali ya moyo wa anthu Athens. kutchuka akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi kumanga ake odzitukumula pa phiri mu Bwalo la maseŵera malo mpaka oonera 30,000.

Kochititsa lomaliza

Ancient Greek zisudzo ali kukodzedwa mawu zosiyanasiyana za zisudzo, pakhala troupes zambiri za zisudzo amene kusewera osati sewero ndi matsoka kugwirizana ndi Diyonisiyo. The tragedians lalikulu la masiku amakedzana - Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles - analemba masewero mu moyo wa Agiriki, zomwe zikutiyendera bwino kwambiri. Makamaka omvera anasangalala sewero lanthabwala wa Aristophanes.

Mbiri lonse la zamasewero ku Greece wakale ndi zosemphana ndi tanthauzo la zisudzo la. Mu mavuto zambiri anasonyeza nthano, imene milungu anali ngati losagonjetseka yoopsa mphamvu. sewero ngwazi nkhondo okhala kumwamba, anafa, koma sanafooke. Comedy, Komano, anali zoseketsa ndipo amavala ostrosatiricheskoy khalidwe. Zisudzo Greek zisudzo sanali kulemekeza kulikonse kwa milungu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kusekedwa iwo. Zimphona comedies anali osavuta anthu, osema, amalonda, akuluakulu, atumiki amayi.

zisudzo ed zambiri unachitikira pa nthawi ya Great Dionisiyo. ntchito anakonza pa nsanja zozungulira pansi pa Bwalo la maseŵera, amene ankatchedwa "orhestra". Pali linaikidwa kwayala oimba amene anali kuti ayende kanthu. Oimba anagwidwa mu bwalo, ndipo anali wosewera ndi kusewera ntchito pakati pawo. Poyamba, onse a maudindo mu sewerolo anatitumiza yoimba limodzi. Kuti mwanjira kuoneka osiyana ozungulira makolasi, wosewera nsapato ndi nsanja mkulu - otchedwa buskins kuyamika omwe amakhala apamwamba ndi 15 masentimita.

Kapangidwe ka sewerolo

Posachedwa ku Atene tragedian Aeschylus anayambitsa wosewera chachiwiri, ndipo motero kanthu mphamvu zambiri. Pa orhestre anaonekera zokongola, makina phokoso yesezera mabingu ndi mphezi, kuchema mphepo ndi mvula. Ndiye tragedian anawonjezera wosewera wina. Komabe, udindo anakhala zambiri sanathe kusamalira ngakhale atatu zisudzo ndi iwo. Ndiye ife kuyamba masks, ndipo aliyense anaimira njira inayake. Pakuti kusintha zinali zokwanira kusintha chigoba, ndi kupita pa siteji mu amati latsopano.

Chakumbuyo kumbuyo orhestroy, icho chinali chipinda wapadera - Skene, kumene zisudzo anali kosaoneka ndi omvera kusintha chigoba, chimene chinapangidwa dongo akuda ndi kulingaliranso wina nkhope mawu a ngwazi ndi maganizo ake. The kulunjika wa chigoba anali timati pamene kuyang'ana pa omvetsera ake pomwepo anazindikira kuti ankafuna kuuza wosewera ndi otani iye anali kuyesera kufotokoza.

Masks monga maziko a luso ed

Zofunika makamaka anali chigoba mtundu: mdima hue analankhula za mtendere ndi thanzi labwino la chikhalidwe, matenda kapena matenda munthu wachikasu, wofiira analankhula za chozemba, chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa ndi mkwiyo anagonjera kapezi chigoba. masks expressiveness chinali chiyambi cha zonse ntchito, pa sikelo izi zonse kanthu ed. wosewera anali kungangokulitsa kuganiza za manja ndi kayendedwe thupi. Masks Greek zisudzo komanso ankaimba ntchito ya woyankhula, utithandize mphamvu ya woomba wosewera mawu.

Kupikisana

Greece kuyambira akale ankaona mpikisano dziko. Anagwa mwambo uwu ndi zisudzo. Mu masiku a Great Dionisiyo zisudzo onse adamangidwa moto - adversarial. maholide amagwiritsidwa mavuto atatu ndi satirical sewero lanthabwala lathu. Kumapeto kwa aliyense ntchito omvera ndiyo wosewera bwino, mawu yabwino, ndi zina zotero zizindikiro zonse zimene yodziwika ntchito. Pa tsiku lomaliza la opambana Great Dionisiyo analandira mphatso.

Fathers sewero la nthawi - Eshil, Euripides Sofokl - mpikisano pakati pawo. Aeschylus, kulalikira makhalidwe abwino udindo anavomereza zoipa, chifukwa ntchito zake ( "Oresteia", "Prometheus", "Aperisi" ndi ena.) Nthawi anapambana 13. Sophocles anamuzindikira ngati tragedian bwino nthawi 24 ankaleza Mafano ake tsoka "Electra," "Antigone," "Oedipus". Wamng'ono Wolemba wina - Euripides - apezane ndi akuthandizeni akulu, makhalidwe ake - Medea, Phaedra - kwambiri m'maganizo.

Ancient sewero lanthabwala wa Aristophanes umaimiridwa ndi ntchito zotsatirazi: "Mavu", "akavalo", "Chule," "Lysistrata" "Mtendere", "Mitambo". Ziwembu zidutswa satirical resonated ndi mavuto azandale Greece kuti nthawi. Poyerekeza ndi sewero, zochokera nthano, Aristophanes sewero lanthabwala kusonyeza zenizeni.

Greek zisudzo, matabwa ake

The otsetsereka a m'mapiri ndi lotseguka kumwamba. Greek Theatre, nthawi chakale anamanga mfundo zotsatirazi: a analowa Bwalo la maseŵera mu mawonekedwe a bwalo truncated anawuka kuchokera malo powonekera zozungulira. Ngati maganizo kupitiriza mumbali kamangidwe, iwe chatsekedwa mawonekedwe wopangidwa mwa mabwalo zonse concentric. Aliyense bwalo wapangidwa ndi midadada ziri miyala yosema. akhakula mwala pamwamba, ndi contours ake kotero bwino cholinga kuti malo pafupifupi wosaoneka. Pakuti tiers Greek Bwalo la maseŵera ku Athens wokwanira Titanic ntchito masauzande a akapolo amene anagwira ntchito mwakhama usana ndi usiku. 78 mizere ya mipando ogaŵikana zigawo zingapo mphero woboola pakati. Greek Theatre, kwenikweni anali pa mzere woyamba ndi misana kwa VIPs, ansembe, akuluakulu ndi alendo a ulemu. Payokha, pali mpando mwala ndi openwork kusema, malo awa ndi wa Msembe wa Diyonisiyo.

Round malo osewerera, siteji zisudzo, otchedwa orhestra olekanitsidwa ndi mpanda otsika Bwalo la maseŵera a. ndi guwa la nsembe, guwa la Diyonisiyo, mapazi ake pa zisudzo oimba anakhala likulu lake. Ku dziko lakunja akudutsa orhestra chikugwirizana - Parodi. malo ndi nthawi zambiri amapeza miyala chabwino kapena mchenga. Kenako kunapangitsa ndi midadada mwala.

Kumbuyo orhestry anali proskeny - nsanja kuti mndandanda wa zisudzo patsogolo ntchito. Ndipo pambuyo pake inali Skene kapena, mu chinenero chamakono, kuvala chipinda, kumene asangalatsi anatola masks awo ndi okonzeka kulowa orhestru. Mbali ya skene chinali ndi mapiko awiri ang'onoang'ono, tinasunga eni ndi masks. maofesi awa anali kutchedwa "paraskenii".

Communication pamaso kuonetsa

Mbiri yaitali ya Greek Theatre amalembedwa mwambo okhazikika. omvetsera zinkayenda bwino isanayambe ntchito, anthu anapita mzere wautali parodies nakhala pa mipando yopanda anthu. kufika oyambirira mwina anafotokoza chifukwa chofuna kutenga malo abwino. Komanso, anaganiza pamaso nkhani kulankhula ndi anansi, kuphunzira uthenga ndi kugawana maganizo awo. Ancient Greek zisudzo anali mtundu wa pakati kulankhulana anthu likulu a. Kawirikawiri, anthu anabwera ndi mabanja awo lonse.

Modern Greek Theater

Kumayambiriro a zaka za m'ma 20 ku Athens Theatre analengedwa "New Gawo", dzina odziwikiratu. The repertoire a "Nea zikopa" Ntchito ya ochita masewero a zisudzo Greek ndi olemba ochokera m'mayiko ena. Ibsen bwanji "Bakuman bakha", "Freeloader" Turgenev, "Chinsinsi cha wotchuka Valerie" Ksenopulosa ndi ena ambiri ankaimba ndi zina mwa repertoire a.

Anayambitsa K. Hristomanos gululo anayesa kulenga kuponya gulu loyimba a mbadwo atsopano mosatengera kuti miyambo wakale Greek zisudzo masks ndi ngwazi ochiritsira ndi maudindo si bwino chimatanthauza. Onse, iye anachita izo, koma ena mokoma m'mbuyomu flits mu chuma. Ena zithunzi sanachite popanda wosewera ndi mazira akuti nkhope chokhala ndi chigoba. Nthawi zina nkhope saloledwa zakukhosi monga chonchi akhoza kupanga chigoba. Choncho malumikizanidwe zaka.

stagnation

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1910 mpaka 1920, Greek zisudzo zinasokonezeka. Izo bwanji zinthu zisaipe anthu chifukwa cha First World nkhondo ndi ambiri stagnation zachuma. Anthu analibe pamasewera. owonetsera pafupifupi onse asamukira pa maziko malonda, ndipo izo zimatanthauza ndi kukonzanso wathunthu wa repertoire, ndi m'malo a ntchito tingachipeze powerenga za bulvarschinoy shoddy. Kusintha anali mosalephera, monga zosonkhaniramo anayamba kubwera rollicking umunthu amene adalipo kuona pa siteji theka maliseche actresses, ndipo onse iwo sanali chidwi. Onse akufuna kutsitsimutsa pa siteji kusewera tingachipeze powerenga ndi Sophocles ndi Aeschylus idatha kulephera. Ndi nthawi yosiyana, ndi zisudzo masiku ano m'malo awo.