Customs Union - ndi chiyani ichi? Boma la Soviet Customs

The Union Customs aumbike ndi cholinga kulenga m'dera limodzi, ndipo mwa iwo pali kasitomu ndi kukaniza zachuma. Kuchotserapo ndi compensatory, kuteteza ndiponso odana ndi kukhuthula miyeso. Customs Union zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito wamba miyambo tariff ndi miyeso zina zomwe cholinga chake zonse malonda katundu ndi maiko lachitatu.

tanthauzo

Customs mgwirizano - mgwirizano wa madera osiyanasiyana membala, amene ankachita zinthu olowa m'munda wa mfundo miyambo. Komanso anathetsa ntchito miyambo ndi malire pakati pa zipani ndi mayiko ena anayambitsa wamba miyambo tariff.

nkhani

Woyamba mgwirizano ngati anatuluka mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, amene ophunzira anali France ndi Monaco.

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, anamaliza Union Customs - ndi Switzerland ndi ukulu wa Liechtenstein. Mukhozanso tchulani chitsanzo cha mapeto a zaka mazana makumi awiri, sikapangano General pa tariffs ndi Trade, ndi European Community Economic unakhazikitsidwa mu 1957, zomwe inathetsedwa kukaniza onse pa malonda pakati pa zipani, ndipo anakhazikitsa wamba miyambo tariff malonda ndi maiko lachitatu. The Association European unakhazikitsidwa mu 1960 ufulu wochita malonda, amene anathetsa misonkho pa miyambo ndi kukaniza kachulukidwe wa mamembala malonda kucheza.

Mayiko nawo EEC ndi mayiko EFTA akadali kusiyana pano malangizo miyambo ndipo palibe ntchito wamba malonda, m'mayiko zokomera alibe Customs Union, koma mapangano zokhudza mgwirizano ndi thandizo mwagwirizana pankhani miyambo.

zida wamba, njira ndi njira kuti kalembera wa katundu akhala anayambitsa monga chionetsero ndi zamalonda. Anasaina mapangano pa zosabvuta pa miyambo chilolezo. mapangano izi imathandizira kayendedwe ka katundu, kulimbitsa msika lonse ndi kuteteza mitundu yonse ya kuyan'anila.

Mu 2010 iye analengedwa limodzi miyambo wamphumphu, womwenso Russia, Kazakhstan ndi Belarus. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo chilengedwe cha m'gawo miyambo limodzi ndi amapereka ntchito zonse kulamulira.

Chaka chino, adalowa Union Customs a Kyrgyzstan, Russia, nthawi yomweyo mphamvu zake.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Customs

October 6, 2007 anasaina Pangano pakati pa Russian Federation, Belarus ndi Kazakhstan pa kusintha kwa limodzi miyambo wamphumphu.

Pa July 1, 2010 malinga ndi Customs Code anakhala ntchito miyambo limodzi m'gawo la maiko atatuwa.

Kwathetsa kulengeza ndi kulembetsa pa miyambo ku malire a limati atatu. Katundu angachititse popanda chilolezo, amene kumatha ndalama. Iwo amasunthira zosavuta ndipo kumachepetsa mtengo wa katundu kutumiza.

Kenako dera la Union ukapezeka Common Space Economic (CES) ndi ntchito limodzi msika misonkhano, amene kuwonjezera malonda zikuphatikizapo misonkhano ndi zina zambiri zochitika.

2015 Customs Union zinali zodzaza ndi mwambo watsopano. yemwenso kulowa bungwe zimapangitsa kusintha geopolitics. A dongosolo latsopano la bungwe Customs Union (Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Kazakhstan ndi ena) imatundumukira asapita malonda ndi mayiko Cu.

mwachidule

Customs Union - bungwe yomwe cholinga patsogolo mlingo zachuma mu States Member. Analenga msika ali anthu oposa 180 miliyoni ndi ndalama zolowa a $ 900 biliyoni.

Pomaliza katundu Customs Union kuloledwa kusuntha momasuka mwa gawo ndi zochita za ulamuliro wa konsekonse.

Ngati wolowa zalembedwa Ndipotu ntchito excise sonyezani Sikuti ndi mlingo VAT ndi ziro.

Pankhani ya imports kwa Russia kuchokera Kazakhstan ndi Belarus, ndi Russian akuluakulu msonkho Levy ntchito excise ndi VAT. Customs Union - ndi wovuta ndipo yosafuna mawonekedwe mogwirizana.

kapangidwe

Mamembala a bungwe Cu (Miyambo Union)

- Russia ndi Kazakhstan (kuyambira 01.07.2010).

- Belarus (kwa zaka 06.07.2010).

- Armenia (kwa zaka 10.10.2014).

- Kyrgyzstan (kwa zaka 08.05.2015).

Ofuna umembala:

- Tajikistan.

- Syria.

- Tunisia.

Kulumikizana ndi Customs Union phungu mayiko ankaona posachedwapa. Kukula kwa gulu akhoza kusintha dziko msika. Malowedwe phungu mayiko a Soviet Customs (Tajikistan, Syria, Tunisia) - amayembekezeka maiko otukuka chifukwa cha kukula kwa malo awo.

Bungwe matupi

Supreme bungwe lolamulira - Bungwe la International wa atsogoleri a boma ndi. Komanso, malinga ndi pangano anakhazikitsa bungwe la mgwirizano wa Customs, umene uli thupi mpaka kalekale malamulowo.

Mabungwe akuluakulu mu 2009 imachitika miyeso mwatsatanetsatane kuti athe otetezeka contractual ndipo zinatheka wa bungwe la Miyambo.

Ndi kusankha atsogoleri a mayiko chiwalo cha Union unakhazikitsidwa Commission Economic monga okhazikika supranational zolimbana kulamulira thupi, amene ali pansi Supreme Eurasian Council Economic.

Ubwino waukulu

Ubwino waukulu wa bungwe la Miyambo kuti mabungwe a zachuma poyerekeza ndi zone malonda ufulu ndi:

• Pa gawo la Soviet Customs kwambiri yafupika mtengo kulenga, processing ndi kayendedwe ka katundu.
• nthawi ndi mtengo wa ndalama, uka chifukwa zopinga utsogoleri, kwambiri utachepa.
• chiwerengero cha njira miyambo wofunikila ndime ya kwambiri kuti katundu ochokera m'mayiko lachitatu utachepa.
• Anakhala zilipo, misika yatsopano kwa katundu.
• Kugwirizana kwa malamulo miyambo zinachititsa kuti zosabvuta ake.

The Union Customs ndi WTO

Mu ndondomeko ya chilengedwe cha Soviet Customs wakhala nkhawa zambiri za malamulo kutsutsana galimoto malamulo WTO.

Mu 2011, gululi lakhala anafotokoza mwachidule mitengo yake kumvera ndi mtima wonse ndi malamulo a WTO. Ngati boma la Soviet Customs adzalowa WTO, adzakhala prioritized malamulo WTO.

Mu 2012, Russia limodzi ndi WTO, zomwe zinachititsa kuti watsopano wa Common Customs tariff la mayiko Customs Union malinga ndi zofunika WTO. Mlingo wa 90 peresenti ya ntchito inatha wofanana.

mikangano mkati

Mu November 2014 tanthauzo la nyama Belarus kwa Russia inaletsedwa. voliyumu anali pafupifupi 400,000 matani. Komabe, mbali Russian wachita zinthu kumangitsa ulamuliro wa katundu kuti kuwoloka malire a Belarus, zomwe ziri zosiyana kwa malamulo chosavuta kwa ophimba pa katundu, ntchito m'dera la Soviet Customs.

Oonetsetsa anati mix wabwino wa asilikali a Soviet Customs ndi limagwirira kukonzanso katundu ku Russia yoletsedwa katundu European. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba imports ku Belarus, zomwe ziribe kubwereketsa kunyanja, chinawonjezeka ndi 98 peresenti mu Russia.

Pulezidenti Chibelarusi AG Lukashenka anakwiya ndi malamulo a mbali Russian ndi mlandu Russia a chophwanya malamulo a Union miyambo ndi kusasamalira malamulo adziko lonse lapansi.

Malinga kwa anthu, mudapholiwa, malamulo ndi mfundo, malinga ndi zomwe zinachitikira zoletsa ndi Russia pa malonda ndi zoyendera katundu mbali Chibelarusi ali ndi ufulu osati kutsatira mfundo za mgwirizano.

Mu 2015 Belarus anabwerera ku Russian ulamuliro malire malire, motero linaphwanya mgwirizano wa EAEC Pangano. Komanso analengeza ayenera kukana kwa ruble monga ndalama ya Pamudzi ndi kubwerera kwa malipiro ndalama US. Akatswiri Russian akukhulupirira kuti zikatero, kusakanikirana dera imagwera asokonekera.

kutsutsa

Mu 2010, kuyesa mwa magulu otsutsa bungwe referendum chifukwa cha mwano wa pangano anapangidwa. Kazakhstan ankanenanso siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu odzilamulira.

Komanso anenanso yovuta wa bungwe la Miyambo pa zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Kudwala chimatanthauza mawu a malonda ndi chitsimikizo katundu.
• zinthu WTO ziletso pa Russia mu Kazakhstan ndi Belarus, amene ali mamembala a mabungwe pamwamba simuli.
• Revenues ndipo malisiti ankati mokondera anagawira mwa maiko nawo.
• The Union Customs ndi opanda pake ngati ntchito panopa ndi ophunzira angathe.

Nthawiyi Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha zifukwa maganizo a Customs Union mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana phindu kwa ophunzira ake.

Ena adati kuti Union Customs ndi malodza, si yotheka monga mudzagwiritse yokumba ndale.

Maganizo anthu

Mu 2012, Center maganizo Kusakanikirana Research kafukufuku unachitikira Eurasian Bank Development. The kafukufuku kutengela CIS ndi Georgia. Funso linafunsidwa: "Kodi inu mumamva bwanji mukaganizira kuti chuma cha Belarus, Kazakhstan ndi Russia ndi ogwirizana?". zotsatirazi mayankho anawalakwira, ukubwera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito m'bungwe Soviet Customs:

- Tajikistan: "zabwino" 76%, "osayanjanitsika" 17% "zoipa" 2%.

- Kazakhstan: "zabwino" 80%, "osayanjanitsika" 10% "zoipa" 5%.

- Russia: "zabwino" 72%, "osayanjanitsika" 17% "zoipa" 4%.

- Uzbekistan: "zabwino" 67%, "osayanjanitsika" 14% "zoipa" 2%.

- Kyrgystan: "zabwino" 67%, "osayanjanitsika" 15% "zoipa" 8%.

- Moldova "zabwino" 65%, "osayanjanitsika" 20% "zoipa" 7%.

- Armenia: "zabwino" 61%, "osayanjanitsika" 26% "zoipa" 6%.

- Belarus: "zabwino" 60%, "osayanjanitsika" 28% "zoipa" 6%.

- Ukraine: "zabwino" 57%, "osayanjanitsika" 31% "zoipa" 6%.

- Azerbaijan: "zabwino" 38%, "osayanjanitsika" 46% "zoipa" 11%.

- Georgia: "zabwino" 30%, "osayanjanitsika" 39% "zoipa" 6%.

malingaliro katswiri

Malinga ndi Mlembi wa Customs Union Commission Sergeya Glazeva, Cu n'kopindulitsa onse mawu a geopolitics, ndipo mwa mawu a zachuma. Ichi ndi kupambana zofunika kuti amapereka madalitso ambiri zachidziwikire kuti States Zisangalalo.

Malinga ndi FTF Russian mtsogoleri Andrei Belyaninov pa msonkhano mu 2009, Union Customs pa chiyambi cha ntchito zake adzalenga mavuto kwa malonda ndi miyambo akuluakulu, koma palibe kanthu koposa nyengo ya kusintha.

Pulezidenti wa Belarus Alexander Lukashenko amapereka tanthauzo la Soviet Customs monga kukhala kosavuta kuonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe cha danga umodzi zachuma, zomwe zingakhale woyenera ubale zachuma pakati pa maiko nawo.