Corporation: lingaliro, chikhalidwe zachuma ndi zofunika. Corporation ku Russia

Maziko a chuma m'mayiko ambiri m'dzikoli amapanga bungwe. Choncho mawuwa angathe kutsatira pa ntchito zachuma ndi makhalidwe osiyana - malinga zofunika kukula, kapangidwe, chitukuko. ndi njira panopa ndi maganizo akuti "bungweli" n'chiyani? Kodi nyumba awa akhoza kugwira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana?

Kodi bungwe?

Mawu akuti "bungweli" angalimvetse:

- mgwirizano wa makampani akuluakulu kuti ichitikire kuthetsa mavuto zovuta ntchito;

- pakampani ina yaikulu kapena nthawi zina, atagwira monga bulanchi angapo;

- ndi gulu landale ndi dongosolo logwirizana la kasamalidwe ndi kupanga zisankho - pa mlingo mzinda, kapena boma.

Koma nthawi zambiri amanena za bungweli atagwira ntchito osakaniza, nthawi zina - okhawo (mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a cartels). Mugone Corporate pakati anayambitsa mudzagwiritse chuma, komanso anzawo, kawirikawiri pa mlingo wa mapangano boma ndi ntchito. The aluso zopatsidwa malamulo a ntchito za bungweli, m'pamene zidzakhala pa malonda, mogwirizana ndi mpikisano.

Kusamala zofuna za bungweli

Taganizirani mbali iyi ya mayanjano mu funso, monga chiŵerengero chidwi. Izi zikhoza kukhala anayambitsa bungweli, Mabwana ndi antchito wamba. zinthu Corporate gulu zingasiyane, koma kugawana chakuti iwo anapatsa munthu winawake pa mlingo wokwererapo.

Choncho wamba wantchito adalira kuteteza zofuna zake kuti mutu wa Dipatimenti. Zimene pamapeto, nthumwi zawo, kutenga nkhani yochokera wamng'ono, bwana, tiyeni tinene wa m'Dipatimenti. Pambuyo zofuna ndi kunditumiza ku mlingo wa Ngopambana pamwamba pa kampani ndi kuonedwa ndi iwo malinga ndi zofunika zawo. Ngati munthu amakhutira ndi zolinga zawo za nthumwi chidwi, iye kawirikawiri bwino Integrated mu ntchito za bungweli.

Mbali imeneyi ya mogwirizana kwa ophunzira mu mayanjano zogwirizana mu ntchito amapanga kofunika kukhala malamulo malamulo kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake.

mfundo Corporate

The chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko bwino bungweli - kuli malamulo, amene amalimbikitsidwa kutsatira antchito ake kukhazikitsa zofuna zawo. Iwo yodziwika ndi digiri zambiri mkulu wa centralization. Mwina kudziŵika kuti maonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana a mabungwe zachuma ndi, mfundo, malo omwewo. Iwo akulamulidwa mwa nyumba kholo kampani, zochita chinsinsi anatengedwa ndi kugawa awo kampani Ngopambana pamwamba.

malamulo a bungweli, monga ulamuliro, pa mlingo wa malamulo m'deralo. Koma izi sizichitika nthawi zonse. N'zotheka kuti adzakhala mwamwayi wadutsa kuchokera ku ophunzira chimodzi chilungamo wina pakamwa, koma mosamalitsa Pamilunguyo. Mwina anafotokoza kuti ena nyumba kampani zofunika kwambiri malamulo ofunda, ena - amene molondola wachinsinsi monga mwamwayi. Izo zimatengera miyambo dziko mu State imene kampaniyo m'kaundula, eni malamulo, ndi olimba a Mabwana Oyang'anira pamwamba pa limatchula za gawo limene bungwe akufotokozera.

Onani kuti zothandiza nyumba ubale malonda ndi zofunika, monga ulamuliro, osati ena akamagwiritsa miyezo makampani, monga njira kuonetsetsa litsatidwe.

Taganizirani ndiye, kodi mitundu ikuluikulu ya mabungwe, ofufuza zokhazi.

Gulu la mabungwe chikhalidwe zachuma

Akatswiri amakono m'kagulu ankaona kaphatikizidwe ku mitundu 3 waukulu wa mabungwe potengera muyezo wa chikhalidwe zachuma:

- chakale;

- statist;

- kulenga.

Tidzaphunzira zambiri awo enieni.

Classic Corporation - kampani imene inakhazikitsidwa ndi view kukwaniritsa pazipita malonda Mwachangu monga kupanga yosafuna ya katundu, komanso poganiza kukula azilandira zolowa ndi kuwonjezeka kuipa mu gawo kampani pa msika. Chakale Corporation yodziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati umwini ndi kasamalidwe mabungwe. Pali eni Makampani pakuika, ndipo pali Ngopambana amene ali ndi udindo chitukuko. Choyamba, monga ulamuliro, saletsa mu ntchito ya masika. Komabe, amalipidwa Ngopambana pa zachikhalidwe bungweli zambiri mlandu kwa eni kampani.

Kugwirizanitsa mu funso, kawirikawiri anapereka chikhalidwe khola la zimachitika pakati pa ogwira ntchito okha. Malinga mlingo wa chikoka akhoza kufalitsa kwa Makampani ena ndi wovomerezeka kumeneko. Mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana dongosolo kampani zikuluzikulu, kamodzi anapanga, zikhoza kusintha. N'zotheka Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chikoka ya munda wa chitukuko sayansi ndi luso, umisiri chikhalidwe, chitukuko ndale.

Evolution a mabungwe tingachipeze powerenga

Choncho ofufuza olekanitsidwa mu Mbiri yamakono ya 3 magawo yoti kusintha ndi kusintha bungweli. Mitundu ya mayanjano zogwirizana, kotero panali latsopano, makamaka yosiyana anthu m'mbuyomo.

Choncho, mu m'ma 20, makampani ayamba amakhazikika mu chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano monga kiyi mpikisano ubwino malonda. yambiri yopanga zitsulo anapatsa m'mayiko analamula maofesi yoyenera anali abwino kwambiri mwa mawu a zikhalidwe profitability. Mu m'mayiko bungweli anawalemba, anali maudindo mutu ndi malo luso.

Mu zaka 70-80 malonda dziko akhale ndi kutsindika pa kuwonjezeka dera lawo, kuchita yaikulu zotheka gawo mu msika lonse. Ameneyu chiyambi cha njira kudalirana pa harmonization miyezo, nzeru zinachitikira makampani ndi nawo amalonda ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Mu zaka 90 mu kapangidwe ka mabungwe dziko zitayamba kuchitika kusintha khalidwe chikhalidwe, kunyezimiritsa Baibulo la ndodo ya udindo wake wa makampani malonda. Mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito za makampani ambiri saganiza ngati akatswiri amalipidwa, iwo anayamba kumva anzawo bwana. Kumene, zochita amalembedwa zimaoneka mu maiko osiyanasiyana mwamphamvu yosiyana. Ena yonse ya mabungwe mayiko ndi zizindikiro zawo zimasiyanitsa kungabweretse mikhalidwe yapadera kwathunthu za bizinesi kuti sizikugwirizana mu lingaliro lililonse padziko lonse.

Komanso m'nkhani ino tiona zitsanzo za dziko zikhalidwe makampani, kusonyeza kuti mumaganiza kuti anapanga ngakhale chuma waukulu kuti si nthawi zonse kwambiri bwanji njira kunachitika limati zina.

statist Corporation

Gawo ndi mitundu ya mabungwe, popangidwa ndi ofufuza masiku ano amati kusankha mu osiyana gulu statist wamphumphu. kulunjika chawo n'chiyani?

mabungwe Statist kuti anatuluka monga kuyankha mumaganiza za capitalist mwachangu kukhala ndi kufalitsa kukopa kwake mu dziko. woyambitsa wawo ndi ideologue mkulu wa boma. Amaganiza kuti amasonyeza deta zoyambirira za chikhalidwe kampani ya malamulo kucheza, ndipamene zinthu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe mu chitukuko cha nyumba yoyenera.

Mosiyana ndi Agiriki mabungwe capitalist statist kucheza anakhazikitsa kuthana makamaka mwamsanga mavuto ndiponso ndale. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka nzika ndi ntchito. Kodi capitalist tingachipeze powerenga kodi mumayenda kukuza kupanga chifukwa cha ndalama mkulu wa zomangamanga zomangamanga gulu onse, anakhazikitsa statist bungweli mwina kuyambitsa ntchito yomanga fakitale yatsopano kuti ntchito nzika okhala m'dera limene.

Kugwirizanitsa mu funso, n'kofunika malamulo ofunda lolamulira khalidwe la ogwira ntchito m'makampani. Izi makampani zikukwaniritsidwa makamaka USSR ndi maiko ena zokomera. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu States nkhawa akamanena mawu akuti "bungweli", mfundo, ndi chikhalidwe zachuma ndi mitundu ikuluikulu mayanjano ntchito nthawi zambiri suona kulingana ndi lamulo lenileni makhalidwe amaonedwa a dongosolo capitalist.

Choncho, kuyanjana N'kutheka ali ndi chuma komanso ndale komanso mabungwe chimango. Mwanjira imeneyi, kufunika kwake kungakhale kokwera mawu a chitukuko cha dziko kuposa pa nkhani ya nyumba ya zachikhalidwe.

Creative Corporation

gulu lina lalikulu la mabungwe - kulenga kucheza. Iwo ndi nyumba wamng'ono. Panali kulenga Corporation m'zaka 20 mochedwa. zikamera awo ndi kufalitsa chifukwa tiona kuti chitukuko cha zomangamanga kulankhulana - makamaka Internet. Anthu, kunkafunika anthu, kuti kuwombola zambiri, mankhwala digito, kupanga maganizo.

Choncho, panali kufunika kwa ntchito wokonzeka mankhwala ameneŵa - masewera, Websites, mapulogalamu, zili matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi kupulumutsa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosankha amafuna njira kulenga - pamene chofunika kukhala chobalidwa, sindimakonda amene alipo, amene mukupanga, kapena ndi ubwino yokulirapo pa kale ayipanga pa njira msika.

Pali zosiyanasiyana kulenga bungweli. Mitundu ya nyumba lolingana amaoneka mu "kutali-mzere", "Intaneti" Ma. Pali zambiri, ndiponso pali ang'ono Makampani kulenga. Popeza buku lalikulu mpikisano Intaneti msika pakati pa iwo akhoza kukhala ofewa kwambiri. Kuti si mmene kwambiri kwa mabungwe zachikhalidwe.

Taonazi Kugwirizana mu ntchito - zotsatira za zamoyo wa chuma, anthu, luso. Koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo tinganene kuti lotha m'mayiko ambiri otukuka, angapezeke onse akuimira mu izi siyana mabungwe. Mitundu ya mayanjano zogwirizana akhoza wachinsinsi, ndipo i zina zambiri. kulunjika timadalira pa njira ya kafukufuku kapena anapanga School National la Economics.

Nature, mitundu ya mabungwe akhoza kuphunzira pa nkhani ya osiyanasiyana njira. Mwa anthu - malamulo chizindikiritso zizindikiro Corporation. Ie, amene zochokera chakudya cha lamulo la dziko lililonse. Iwo akhala akugwira Choncho, kuganizira traceable boma pa mlingo wa malamulo boma, kufupi ndi gulu la mayanjano mwafufuza.

Gulu la mabungwe m'malamulo Russian

Choncho, mitundu ikuluikulu a mabungwe latsopano la Russia pansi pa lamulo - ndi mtundu zachuma, NGOs, mayanjano, cooperatives, zibwenzi. Ngati tikulankhula likhale, kapangidwe lolingana mu Russia nthawi zambiri amatchedwa gulu la makampani. Pali mu Russian Federation ndi mabungwe onse, tingati ndi subspecies wa statist, koma pa mlingo maganizo, m'malo analemba mfundo capitalist wa kutsogoza mu vuto la zachuma.

Chuma Russian makamaka Integrated ndi dziko. Choncho, Russia linavomereza mu tanthauzo la "bungweli", mfundo, ndi chikhalidwe zachuma ndi mitundu ikuluikulu mayanjano zogwirizana kuchita, angathe kutanthauziridwa mu kuwala kwa matanthauzo panopa lonse.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia ndi akunja analengeza "gulu" mawu akuti. Malinga ndi nkhani yake, Tingathe kuona mwa Ngopambana Russian m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zingakhale nkhawa latsopano la Russia monga mtundu wa bungweli? Limatchula za kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha makampani European Western - makamaka German, ndiyo ntchito pafupipafupi akuti pansi review, kuti amatchula magulu waukulu Mipikisano dziko mu Europe. Nawonso Makampani American, ngakhale ndi pamlingo waukulu, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mabungwe kapena magulu a zachuma.

Choncho, mawu akuti "bungweli", mfundo ndi mitundu akhoza kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana malinga miyambo, anatengedwa mu zikhalidwe kasamalidwe chilengedwe. Zidzakhala zothandiza kuphunzira pa chitsanzo cha kumanga ntchito m'makampani kunja. Tiyeni kuliphunzira chitsanzo cha ena mwa chuma waukulu.

Mitundu National a mabungwe zamakono

Mitundu ya mabungwe akhoza wachinsinsi pa maziko a miyambo mtundu wa mabwenzi nyumba pakati pa ophunzira kucheza zogwirizana. Choncho, m'pofunika taganizirani za Japan. mfundo ndi yakuti mu boma la malamulo makampani mbali yofunika kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo ovuta kwambiri nthawi zambiri ankachita okha yemweyo amene mwamwayi.

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro kiyi wa bungwe Japanese - patsogolo kwa gulu pa zinthu payekha. Mwamuna amabwera ntchito pa kampani inayake, zambiri popanda kuganizira posachedwa m'tsogolo kusintha kwa wina. Zimenezi zimathandiza iye zonse kukhazikitsa khalidwe lawo ndi amapereka kukula ntchito. Chifukwa china chimene tinganene chiyembekezo kwa kampani lina si wooneka kwambiri kwa antchito Japanese - chakuti kapangidwe ka mabungwe mitundu kuti kupikisana ndi abwana panopa, osalephera, sadzakhala mwapadera anthu zomwe ndi olimba omwe antchito. Ambiri mwina, wogwira ntchito adzachita ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi kulandira malipiro chomwecho.

Chinthu china - American kampani mwambo. Iwo amakhala Nayenso patsogolo wa munthu pa gulu la. munthu, ndithudi, nthumwi gawo chidwi ake mlingo lotsatira, koma buku awo ndi zambiri kwambiri poyerekeza ngati anagwira Japan. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chikhalidwe makampani mu US siyana kwambiri ndi kampani kuti kampani. Ndipo angalimbikitse yogwira Kusamuka kwa akatswiri a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana ku olimba wina ndi mzake.

Ngakhale kuti US ndi Japanese makampani chikhalidwe ndi chiwerengero kusiyana kwakulu, izi samaletsa akatswiri ochokera makampani US bwinobwino kugwirizana ndi amalonda ku Japan. Kamvedwe ambiri akamanena mawu akuti "bungweli", tanthauzo la mitundu inanso yoyenera ya mabungwe, anaphunzira American ndi School Japanese wa Management, akhoza zochokera mfundo. Motero, thupi US ndi zitsanzo Japanese angapo apatsogolo zitikwanire osiyana, koma kukhala ofanana kwambiri mawonekedwe. Ndipo ichi sichingathe omanga mgwirizano ogwira.

Umboni mitundu ya mabungwe mayiko ndi zizindikiro zawo zapadera zikusonyeza kuti, mfundo m'boma aliyense akhoza kupanga chilengedwe lapadera kudziwa kukula kwa mayanjano zogwirizana mu ntchito. - makamaka pankhani mayiko ndi zinachitikira zochepa kumanga asapita capitalist. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia. Iwo akhala akugwira kufufuza makhalidwe ambiri lodziwika chikhalidwe makampani mu Russia.

Russian makampani chikhalidwe

Kodi yonse ya mabungwe mu Russia inakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi ya kumanga bizinesi mu dziko? Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri Russia ndi wamphamvu ndithu Soviet miyambo, makamaka pankhani mabizinezi zikuluzikulu msana ndi nawo boma. Anthu ndi kufanana ena ndi mfundo Japanese ya kumanga chikhalidwe makampani - pamene munthu Kwalamulidwa kuchitira nokha monga chotengera cha zinthu makamaka makampani pa nthawi imene anali pa ntchito.

Russia trudoustraivayas ku kampani ichi kapena icho, komanso Japanese, nthawi zambiri, ali ofunitsitsa kugwira ntchito mu izo mpaka kalekale, popanda kuganizira chiyembekezo cha kusintha kwa kampani ina. Koma pali mitundu ya mabungwe mu Russia, zimene pamapeto, matabwa ake ndi oyandikira mfundo American wa nyumba ubale malonda. Kawirikawiri izi ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe mabizinezi, kawirikawiri - mabizinesi banja. National Russian makampani mwambo akadali kupangidwa. Mmene adzayang'ana posachedwapa, izo zimatengera zinthu zambiri - chikhalidwe, malonda yachilendo, mfundo yachilendo.

chidule

Choncho, taphunzira akamanena mawu akuti "bungweli", mfundo ndi mitundu mayanjano okhudzidwa mawu mfundo, wamba mwa akatswiri a masiku ano. Mtundu wa nyumba ali osiyanasiyana linafalitsidwa kwambiri mitundu. Lingaliro, mbali, mabungwe, makampani mitundu panyengo zosiyanasiyana mbiri kuphunzira, kutenga nkhani zinthu ndale, ndi zachuma mu ndondomeko ya sayansi ndi luso dera.

Mu mwambo dziko la kasamalidwe wakudza kumvetsa mfundo ya mabungwe amasiyana. Koma izi sizichitika nthawi zonse, ngakhale zochita lonse m'madera ambiri a malonda amaoneka kwambiri, osachepera pankhani mitundu mayanjano amapeza. Yosayambitsa kwa gulu la nyumba ndi angapo. Mmodzi wa Ambiri ankaona kuti mfundo imene bungweli lagawidwa tingachipeze powerenga, statist ndi kulenga. deta osiyanasiyana a mabungwe chiwerengero cha mabungwe mu zikuchokera, kapangidwe, pa zinthu zofunika pa chitukuko.

Mu chuma lero akhale mungapeze mabizinesi monga aliyense siyana ndi takambirana. Koma Dziwani kuti ena chuma dziko kwambiri noticeable gawo la mabungwe tingachipeze powerenga ndi kulenga, ena - statist. Zochita za chuma amadalira zimene magawo mu vuto la zachuma ali kale boma lomwe zolinga za ndale komanso iyo imakhala yokha.