Analogues wa penicillin. Mankhwala a penicillin gulu: zizindikiro, malangizo ntchito

Penicillin analogues Ndatsegula mwayi kwa madokotala zochizira matenda opatsirana. Komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi michere mabakiteriya ndi chilengedwe aukali m'mimba, ndi zotsatira ochepa mbali.

About Penicillin

Penicillin - ndi maantibayotiki chakale kwambiri. Iwo chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri koma ena a iwo ataya kufunika awo chifukwa kukana lapansi. Mabakiteriya amatha azolowere ndi kugwira kuti zochita za mankhwala. Izi zimapangitsa asayansi kulenga mitundu yatsopano ya nkhungu, Penicillin analogues okhala katundu watsopano.

Penicillin ndi otsika kawopsedwe kwa thupi, ndithu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha zotsatira bactericidal, koma thupi lawo siligwirizana nawo nthawi zambiri wamba kuposa madokotala akanafuna. Ichi ndi chifukwa chikhalidwe organic antibayotiki. makhalidwe wina olakwika akhoza mulinso vuto kaphatikizidwe iwo ndi mankhwala ena, makamaka kalasi lofanana.

nkhani

Kutchula koyamba mu mabuku a Penicillin chinachitika mu 1963, m'buku za Native American mankhwala. Iwo ntchito chisakanizo cha bowa pa zolinga mankhwala. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu dziko ŵakusanga iwo anakwanitsa kufika Aleksandru Flemingu, koma uyu sanali pa cholinga, koma mwangozi, ngati atulukira zonse zazikulu.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse la microbiologists British ntchito pa nkhani ya mankhwala mafakitale zedi chofunika. Vuto lomwelo kuthetsedwa mu kufanana ndi mu United States. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi ya penicillin anali mankhwala ambiri. Koma pa nthawi, akhala kuzindikiridwa ndi apanga ena gulu la mankhwala, amene pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi olankhulira a. Komanso, tizilombo tiyambe kuonekera kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala, zomwe kumva mankhwala a matenda aakulu.

Mfundo kanthu antibacterial

The bakiteriya selo khoma zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo mankhwala otchedwa peptidoglycan. Penicillin gulu la mankhwala bwanji kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ndi, inhibiting mapangidwe michere zofunika. The bakiteriya akufa chifukwa sungathe kusintha khoma selo.

Komabe, ena mabakiteriya anaphunzira kupewa kuwukira mwankhanza. Iwo amapanga beta-lactamase, amene wawononga michere zokhudza peptidoglycan. Kupirira chopinga ichi, asayansi anali kulenga Penicillin analogues kuti akhoza kusokoneza ndi beta-lactamase, nayenso.

Chiopsezo kuti anthu

Pa chiyambi cha nthawi ya mankhwala, asayansi akuganiza momwe iwo poizoni kuti thupi la munthu, chifukwa pafupifupi onse amoyo metry tichipeza mapuloteni. Koma Nditakhala okwanira maphunziro aona kuti peptidoglycan mu matupi athu kuti pali zochepa, ndipo chotero, avulaze kwambiri mankhwala sindingakhoze.

The sipekitiramu wa kanthu

Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya penicillin kuchita mabakiteriya galamu HIV mtundu Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheria ndi mliri tizilomboto. Komanso, mu sipekitiramu awo a ntchito zikuphatikizapo onse tizilombo galamu alibe, gonococci ndi meningococci, ndodo anaerobic ndipo ngakhale ena bowa (mwachitsanzo, Actinomyces).

Asayansi kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya penicillin, akufuna kuletsa kuti mabakiteriya ndikuzolowera katundu wawo bactericidal, koma zochizira matenda nosocomial , gulu la mankhwala salinso abwino. Mmodzi wa makhalidwe oipa a mtundu wa mankhwala - mabakiteriya overgrowth, monga intestine anthu njuchi ndi tizilombo tcheru ndi penicillin. Izi M'pofunikanso kukumbukira pamene kumwa mankhwala.

The mitundu ikuluikulu (gulu)

asayansi amakono kupereka penicillin ano kugawikana m'magulu anayi:

1. Natural, amene apanga ndi bowa. Zikuphatikizapo benzilpenitsilliny ndi mano. Mankhwalawa ndi sipekitiramu yopapatiza kuchita makamaka ndi mabakiteriya galamu-negative.
2. Kukonzekera Semisynthetic ndi kukana kuti penicillinases. Iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza ndi sipekitiramu lonse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Oimira methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. mankhwala gulu ndi osiyanasiyana zochita:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

mawonekedwe biosynthetic

Mwachitsanzo ayenera kutsogolera ena otchuka kwambiri panthawi ya mankhwala ofanana gulu. Mwina kuchokera pennitsilinov wotchuka tinganene kuti "Bitsillin-3" ndi "5-Bitsillin". Iwo apeza gulu la mankhwala achilengedwe ndipo akhala mtsogoleri gulu ake, sanabadwe anaonekera mitundu chonse cha mankhwala antimicrobial.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Malangizo Ntchito limanena kuti ndi beta-lactam mankhwala a kanthu yaitali. Zikuonetsa ntchito zawo matenda pachimake enaake ophwanya ndi matenda oyamba ndi treponema (chindoko, yaws ndi painti). Akupezeka mu ufa. "Ekstentsillin" malangizo Buku alibe khalidwe osakaniza sanali steroidal mankhwala odana ndi yotupa (NSAIDs), chifukwa n'zotheka mpikisano mogwirizana. Izi zingathe kusokoneza efficacy mankhwala.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" amatanthauza gulu Penicillin. Izo ntchito zochizira matenda opatsirana a chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti, khungu ndipo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mucous, chinzonono, chindoko, kafumbata. Izo ntchito monga njira muyeso pambuyo opaleshoni, kukhalabe chikhululukiro misempha, zazing'ono chorea, bakiteriya endocarditis.
3. Mankhwala "nthomba" ndi analogi wa Kukonzekera wapitawu. Iwo akubwera mu maonekedwe a mapiritsi kapena granules. Osavomerezeka pamodzi NSAIDs ndi kulera m'kamwa. Amagwilitsidwa ntchito mankhwala a matenda mwana.

mawonekedwe semisynthetic

Gulu la mankhwala kumaphatikizapo mankhwala kusinthidwa mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku amatha kuumba.

1. The nthandala choyamba mu mndandanda "Amoxicillin". Malangizo ntchito (mtengo - za zana rubles) limasonyeza kuti mankhwala ali ndi sipekitiramu yotakata ntchito ndi ntchito matenda bakiteriya pafupifupi kulikonse. Ubwino wake ndi kuti m'khola malo acidic m'mimba, ndipo pambuyo mayamwidwe mu ndende magazi ndi apamwamba kuposa anthu ena a gulu. Koma musati idealize ndi "Amoxicillin". Malangizo ntchito (mtengo m'madera osiyana zingasiyane) limatichenjeza kuti mankhwala sayenera mankhwala odwala mononucleosis, chifuwa ndi amayi apakati. ntchito nthawi yaitali n'zosatheka chifukwa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zochita mbali.
2. Oxacillin mchere ndi sodium akapatsidwa pamene mabakiteriya kubala penicillinase. The mankhwala ndi asidi, angathe kumwedwa pakamwa, zikunenedwa bwino odzipereka mu intestine lapansi. Iye mofulumira excreted ndi impso, choncho m'pofunika zonse kukhala ndende analakalaka magazi. Yekha contraindication - ndi matupi awo sagwirizana anachita. Izo zinabala mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi kapena mbale monga madzi a jekeseni.
3. Kazembe womaliza wa penicillin semisynthetic - ndi ampicillin trihydrate. Malangizo ntchito (mapiritsi) limasonyeza kuti ali ndi sipekitiramu lonse la kanthu, zokhudza galamu alibe ndi galamu HIV mabakiteriya onse. Bwino analekerera ndi odwala, koma mosamala ayenera kupatsidwa kwa amene akutenga anticoagulants (mwachitsanzo, anthu ndi matenda a dongosolo mtima), monga mankhwala potentiates kanthu ake.

zosungunulira

Penicillin amagulitsidwa pharmacies monga ufa jekeseni. Choncho, chifukwa makonzedwe mtsempha kapena mu mnofu, iwo ayenera zidzasungunuka mu madzi. Chilengedwe m'banja akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito madzi otchezedwa jekeseni, isotonic sodium kolorayidi njira kapena novocaine awiri peresenti. Kumbukirani kuti zosungunulira sayenera kwambiri ofunda.

Zizindikiro, contraindications ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa

The zikuonetsa kwa mankhwala ndi diagnoses: lobar ndi chibayo lobular, empyema, sepsis ndi septicemia, endocarditis bakiteriya, kakhosi, osteomyelitis. Mu kanthu kugwa toyambitsa zilonda zapakhosi, diphtheria, fever, tizilombo ta matenda, chinzonono, chindoko, matenda purulent khungu.

Contraindications mankhwala a penicillin gulu pang'ono. Choyamba, pamaso pa hypersensitivity mankhwala ndi ena ofanana. Chachiwiri, kukhazikitsa matenda a khunyu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti n'zosatheka kuti atchule mankhwala mu ndime msana. Koma mimba ndi mkaka wa m'mawere, mu nkhani iyi phindu sikhala ayenera zayamba upambana kuopsa zotheka, chifukwa chotchinga placental ndi permeable kwa penicillin. Pa phwando, mankhwala mwana mongoyembekezera kunditumiza ku njira ina kudya, kuyambira mankhwala akulowa mkaka.

Zotsatira zoyipa kumachitika misinkhu angapo.

CNS mavuto kungakhale nseru, kusanza, irritability, meningismus, kupweteka ndipo ngakhale chikomokere. thupi lawo siligwirizana ndi kuwonetseredwa monga zotupa, malungo, molumikizana mafupa ndi kutupa. Pakhala milandu mantha anaphylactic ndi imfa. Chifukwa chakuti bactericidal kanthu ukazi candidiasis ndi m'kamwa ndi dysbacteriosis.

mbali ntchito

CHENJEZO laperekedwa kwa odwala ndi opuwala kwa chiwindi ndi ntchito aimpso pamene anaika mtima kulephera. Sikuti ndi kulengeza ntchito anthu amene sachedwa thupi lawo siligwirizana, komanso anthu amene ali ndi kulingalira azilimbikira kuti cephalosporins.

Ngati masiku asanu pambuyo chiyambi cha mankhwala palibe kusintha mu alili sanabwere, ndiye Penicillin analogues ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena m'malo mankhwala gulu. Imodzi ndi atasankhidwa Mwachitsanzo, thunthu "Bitsillin-3", muyenera kusamalira kupewa mafangasi superinfection. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mulembe antifungals.

Muyenera kulongosola kufotokozera mtima kuti kutenga mankhwala mosalekeza chifukwa chifukwa amapereka kukana tizilombo. Ndipo kuthetsa muyenera mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri amene amayambitsa mavuto aakulu mbali.

Penicillin analogues akhala singasiyanitsidwe mankhwala amakono. Ngakhale kuti oyambirira lotseguka gulu la mankhwala, izo Zatsala zogwirizana zochizira matenda oumitsa khosi, chinzonono ndi chindoko, ali ndi sipekitiramu mokwanira yotakata kanthu ndi zotsatira wofatsa mbali, choncho angagwiritsidwe ntchito ana. Kumene, monga mankhwala alionse, mwa penicillin ndi contraindications ndi mavuto, koma kuchepetsa ndi mwayi ntchito.