Amabisa Zelinsky: kufotokoza, mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi ndemanga

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa "mabomba zonunkha" kapena zida za mankhwala nkhondo kugwirizana ndi German kuukira pa Ypres mu 1915. Ndiye, matani 170 a chlorine anatulutsidwa izo kuwawa kwa anthu 15 zikwi wataya pafupi 5000 asilikali a asilikali a ku France. Ndi First World nkhondo ndi kuyambitsa chikukhudzana njira chilengedwe chitetezo zida za mankhwala, amene moyenerera limabweretsa Russia. Izi chigoba Zelinsky. Mfundo za ntchito ndi adamulowetsa makala birch amateteza kale kuti m'badwo wa asilikali Russian ndipo akupitiriza kupulumutsa miyoyo, osati nkhondo komanso yamtendere.

nkhani patsogolo

Mafunso ya cholowa m'mbiri komanso upainiya lotseguka lero. Ndithudi, Professor ndipo anayambitsa mpweya chigoba Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich (1861 - 1953) amaonedwa monga wachiwerewere kuteteza setifiketi kwa chidali chifuniro chake, kwenikweni, iye anayamba njira kupopera chloropicrin - mmodzi wa wothandizira poizoni wa nkhondo imperialist. Ndipo ngati mu zaka za m'ma XX funso Russian mpweya chigoba Championship Kutulukira (amabisa Zelinsky - Kummanta) anali mwangwiro maganizo, masiku ano anthu amamuonera mtengo maphunziro. Ndipo tione ngati zida ndi mliri Venetian chigoba zinachitika funso losafuna.

Mbiri ya chitetezo: nkhondo ndi mtendere

Pali umboni kuti Anthuwa la Greece wakale ntchito chigoba ndi fyuluta zitsamba zouma. Arab Banu Musa abale, akatswiri ena otchuka wa Baghdad IV atumwi, kuteteza poyizoni wa ogwira ntchito kukumba zitsime. Anapanga chipangizo luso ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi chinyawu. Iwo anali stitched chigoba ndi fyuluta m'malo. Ngakhale zipangizo fyuluta anali opangidwa kuchokera ku zitsamba zouma, iwo anali ofanana kwambiri masiku ano njira mankhwala chitetezo.

Mu Middle Ages, ndi zikamera wa mliri wa matenda mliri ndi chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha miasms (thunthu osagwirizana anthu) ndipo CONTAG (particles poizoni kudzera pakhungu ndi kupuma), pali Venetian Anti zida. Izi chofunda ndi magolovesi ankawaviika phula, ndi "mlomo", limene lili mkati Zosefera mbewu.

Mu 1799 panali chigoba cha Alexander Von Humboldt, chifukwa zosefera ndi kuyeretsa mpweya wanga ndi kuteteza ogwira ntchito m'migodi.

Koma setifiketi koyamba kwa chigoba mpweya kunapatsidwa kwa Lewis Haslett mu 1849 mu Kentucky, USA. Anatanthauza zida chifukwa Anthuwa fyuluta anatumikira wandiweyani nsalu ya ubweya wa nkhosa, valavu kupuma anapereka.

Pamene mzikiti gilded wa Cathedral St. Isaac mu 1838 ku Saint - Petersburg anapha 60 ambuye, iwo sanali kupulumutsa masks chitoliro. Iwo la galasi ndi payipi ndi anayenera kutetezedwa Mercury nthuzi. Koma kapangidwe sichinayambe losindikizidwa, ndipo kuti chinali chifukwa cha poyizoni wa antchito.

Khala ngati adsorbent ndi

John Stengauz mu 1854 anatulukira makina, omwe anakhala waukulu adsorbent makala. Zinali ziwiri wosanjikiza chigoba, amene anaikidwa pakati pa zigawo za sorbent - makala ufa.

Gwirizanani za Mikhail Lomonosov, academician ya Russian Academy of Sciences Iogann Tobias Lovitz akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito makala birch kwa ayeretsedwa ndi madzi, chitetezo ku lawola nyama.

mtengo Zelinsky ndi kuti poyamba ntchito ngati mkangaziwisi adamulowetsa mpweya - mpweya ndi kuchuluka mphamvu kumamatira. A khala mwapadera okonzeka ndi 1,500 sq. mamita pamwamba porous 1 centimeter kiyubiki.

Adsorbent kuphatikiza zikayamba ofanana chigoba Zelinsky

Mbiri ya izi zikutanthauza chitetezo mankhwala likugwirizana ndi dzina lina, moyenerera anakhala mutu wachiwiri mu chigoba mpweya - Emond Kummanta, technologist wa fakitale "Triangle".

The UK Maluso Office wapatsa ndi setifiketi kwa Emond Kummantu Kutulukira chigoba pachiyambi. chigoba kuti ndi zolimba ndipo wasindikizidwa kwa nkhope anawapulumutsa kukhudzana pang'ono ndi poizoni pakhungu.

Pamalo imperialist nkhondo yokakamiza mdani kufunafuna njira za nkhondo ndi ntchito poizoni. Cholinga chachikulu ndi Amapempha chitetezo, kuphatikizapo Zosefera chilengedwe ndi odalirika zoteteza chigoba. Iko kunali mankhwala wakhala wosasamala chigoba.

Amabisa Zelinsky: kapangidwe

Panali prototypes atatu - Petrograd, Moscow ndi chovomerezeka ndi boma.

Woyamba, mu 1915, analowa utumiki Petrograd chigoba chitsanzo. Chisoti anavala pa amakona anayi katoni chigoba ndi awiri pansi bokosi kukula 200: 80: 50 millimeters. M'munsi pansi ndi pamwamba losindikizidwa ndi Nkhata Bay mkamwa chapamwamba womwewo soldered, koma apamwamba. Pakati pa iwo ndi mauna zitsulo ndi wosanjikiza gauze mbali zonse. Pakati pa gauze PAD anaikidwa 3-6 mamilimita granular adamulowetsa mpweya. Sefani buku anali 700 CC. masentimita, kutalika - 174 mm. Bokosi kuteteza kapu ya malata. The chigoba anali lalanje bokosi linali lofika tepi.

Moscow chitsanzo analowa utumiki mu 1916 ndipo anali bokosi ang'onoang'ono ndi mawonekedwe chowulungika. Voliyumu ya mpweya fyuluta anakhala 1,000 masentimita kiyubiki.

Komabe, kuyezetsa waonetsa kuti tikufunika kuwongolera. Ndipo panali Baibulo chachitatu cha chigoba Zelinsky - mtundu wa breech odana ndi mpweya mbewu. Iye anali pang'ono wamfupi kusiyana ndi wina m'mbuyomu, ndi bokosi elliptical.

Chiyesedwe cha zipangizo

The Russian asilikali mpweya chigoba Zelinsky - Kummanta anaonekera mu dzinja 2016. Patangotha zaka ziwiri nkhondo Russia yatulusa zidutswa zoposa 11 miliyoni chitetezo deta.

Chitsimikizo chochokera chigoba Zelinsky zinachitika pa nkhondo ya Dziko Lonse Yoyamba. Mayesero kuyang'anira wophunzira N. D. Zelinskogo Nikolai Shilov. Zinali iye amene amanena Professor magawo mpweya fyuluta. Iye amakhala ndi kusanthula kutsimikizira dzuwa la chitetezo mankhwala Laboratories m'manja, komanso gulu la sukulu kwa ogwira wa asilikali Russian, yomwe ikuchitika kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazipangizo zodzitetezera maphunziro - amabisa Zelinsky. History watsimikizira kufunika kwa sukulu zimenezi ndi kupanda chidwi kwa iwo mwa lamulo.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Kutheka kukonza mpweya zinthu zosiyanasiyana poizoni ndi atulukira ndi adsorbent abwino - apeza okhazikika amene anapanga pulofesa na- Zelinsky. Makina chidali chifuniro chake pa nthawi yatsoka analibe analogs m'nkhaniyo absorbent. A mtundu watsopano wa fyuluta kuti Russian mpweya chigoba sanali zabwino kwambiri koma ogwira mtima.

The chigoba woyamba Zelinsky linali ndi zovuta zake. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• Mu nkhondowo zinthu chigoba bokosi kusokoneza kasinthasintha mutu;
• Isanafike ntchito, panali kufunika yoyeretsa, chimene chimasokoneza kuvala.
• Misting, zomwe zinkachititsa orienteering;
• Yafupika Kumvetsera ndi ndikosatheka kulamula patelefoni;
• Russian asilikali kusaphunzira amene sanathe kuwerenga malangizo pamaso ntchito.

Masks nkhondoyo

Mayiko - ophunzira nkhondo imperialist sanakhazikike pambali kuyesa kusintha chodzitetezera mankhwala. French chigoba Jules Tissot Mwachitsanzo, chimalemera makilogalamu oposa anayi, bokosi anaikidwa pa nsana, ndi absorber anachita caustic koloko, wothira ubweya nkhuni ndi filings zitsulo. Zonsezi zimalimbikitsa ndi sopo, glycerin ndi Kasitolo mafuta.

Masiku ano, zinachitika kwa mpweya chigoba ano amaona kuti kukhala British mpweya chigoba chitsanzo wa First World nkhondo. Maonekedwe, kwenikweni ngati ofanana ano. Koma ngakhale British, kapena French, kapena Germany ntchito ngati absorber mpweya. ogwirizana British Russia mu 1916 anafunsidwa kutumiza iwo masks mpweya asanu Zelinsky - Kummanta kufufuza. Akatswiri Britain sankakhulupirira mayamwidwe katundu wa makala birch. Koma pambuyo poona ntchito mafoni amenewa, adani sanathe kumenya Professor Zelinsky.

N'zochititsa chidwi komanso chakuti mankhwala anali zithandize akavalo. Zimangooneka chidwi kwambiri.

Iye analandira kwa Kutulukira wake wa Professor

Chemical Komiti ya Russian Ufumu mlanduwu pempho mu msonkhano wapadera kwa mphoto ya pulofesa kwa chidali chifuniro chake kuti anapulumutsa anthu ambiri. Komabe, nkhani ngati kanthu, ndipo si mapeto. Professor Zelinsky sanalandire ndi ruble umodzi wa boma Russian kwa chigoba mpweya Zelinsky. History pulofesa sanalandire ndi setifiketi ya mpweya fyuluta yake yapadera, ndi kukana ndi nomination kwa Nobel Prize bwereza. Koma wake Co-wolemba, woyambitsa wa patenti chigoba E.Kummant zinasaina pangano ndi fakitale "Triangle" ndipo analandira masenti 50 aliyense unit wa katundu anatumidwa ndi asilikali - mafakitale komiti ya Russia. Amabisa Zelinsky anapanga miliyoneya Emond Kummanta.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu Russia palibe chipilala Pulofesa na- Zelinskii, ngakhale dzina lake Institute ku St. - Pererburge.

Pabwino, kuti chilengedwe cha masks anayamba ndi mawu oyamba mu utumiki wa wothandizila mankhwala nkhondo. Mawu olakwika. Njira yoyamba chitetezo anatulukira kwa zifuno za mtendere, ndi pambuyo iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo. Chitetezo cha madotolo ndi anamwino, ntchito pofuna kuteteza ogwira ntchito amene amakhudzana ndi zinthu zoipa - izi ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu ntchito iliyonse kafukufuku.