Alexei Gorky. Limakhulupirira Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: yonena, zilandiridwenso

Ngati mudzapempha: "Kodi mukuganiza za ntchito ya Alekseya Gorkogo", anthu ochepa kwambiri adzatha funso limeneli. Ndipo si chifukwa anthu awa satha kuwerenga, ndi chifukwa chakuti si tonse tikudziwa ndi kukumbukira kuti ndi odziwika wolemba limakhulupirira Gorky. Ndipo ngati mwaganiza kwambiri kusokoneza ntchito, funsani ntchito za Alekseya Peshkova. Apa ndendende ochepa adzakumbukira kuti dzina lake lenileni Alekseya Gorkogo. Sizinali ngati wolemba komanso yogwira chithunzi anthu. Monga mukudziwa, tiona wolemba moona dziko - limakhulupirira Gorky.

Ana ndi achinyamata

Zaka moyo Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. Iwo anadza kwa nthawi wofunika m'mbiri. Wambiri Alekseya Gorkogo lapadera, kuyambira kwambiri ubwana wake. Tauni kunyumba ya amaidziwa kuti Nizhny Novgorod. atate wake, limakhulupirira Peshkov, anali kusamala steamship kampani, iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka 3 yekha. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mayi wa Alesha mwamuna anakwatiwanso. Si, pamene anali ndi zaka 11. maphunziro Komanso achinyamata Alexei anali pachibwenzi agogo.

Monga mnyamata wazaka 11 akale, wolemba tsogolo ali "Pita kwa anthu" - ankalandira chakudya chake. Kodi ndani iye basi osati ntchito: panali wophika mkate, mtumiki ntchito mu sitolo, ndi chotsukira mbale mu cafeteria lapansi. Mosiyana ndi agogo kumakhaliro, agogo anali mkazi wabwino ndi wokhulupirira ndi wongonena kwambiri. Zinali iye amene anaika Maksimu Gorkomu ndizikonda kuwerenga.

Mu 1887, wolemba amayesa kudzipha chimene kugwirizana ndi maganizo lolemera chifukwa cha uthenga wa imfa agogo ake. Mwamwayi wake, anapulumuka - chipolopolo sizinkagunda mtima, koma mapapo kuonongeka, chimene chinapangitsa mavuto ndi dongosolo kupuma.

Moyo wolemba tsogolo kunali kovuta, ndipo iye sakanakhoza kupirira, anathawa kunyumba kwawo. The mnyamata ankayendayenda kwambiri kuzungulira dziko, aona choonadi cha moyo, koma mozizwitsa anatha kusunga chikhulupiriro mwa Munthu abwino. Akulongosola moyo wake ali mwana m'nyumba ya agogo ake "Childhood" - gawo loyamba la trilogy wake autobiographical.

Mu 1884, Alexei Gorky anayesa kulowa University of Kazan, koma chifukwa cha vuto la ndalama limene adzadziwa kuti zimenezi n'zosatheka. Nthawi imeneyi, wolemba tsogolo akuyamba zimangokhala nzeru za chikondi, chimene, munthu wangwiro sindiye munthu weniweni. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anakumana ndi chiphunzitso Marxist ndipo adakhala othandiza a malingaliro atsopano.

Maonekedwe a alias ndi

Mu 1888, wolemba kwa nthawi yochepa anamangidwa chifukwa kugwirizana ndi bwalo Marxist N. Fedoseyev. Mu 1891 anaganiza kuyamba ulendo Russia ndipo potsiriza anali kukwaniritsa Caucasus. Aleksey Maksimovich nthawi zonse chinkhoswe kudzipatsa maphunziro, kosati ndi kukuza nzeru zawo zosiyanasiyana. Iye anavomera kuchita ntchito iliyonse komanso ankayembekezera maganizo awo olakwika, iwo anaonekera mu nkhani ake oyambirira. Kenako, anaitana nthawi iyi "University wanga".

Mu 1982, Gorky anabwerera kunyumba zawo ndi kupanga mapazi awo oyamba m'munda zolembalemba ngati wolemba mu Mabaibulo angapo zigawo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pseudonym wake "Gorky" inatuluka mu chaka chomwecho mu nyuzipepala "Tiflis" imene inafalitsidwa nkhani yake "Makar Chudra".

Alias anali sanasankhe mwangozi: ankanena "zowawa" moyo Russian ndi chakuti wolemba adzalemba zoona zokhazokha, ziribe kanthu momwe owawa kungakhale. Limakhulupirira Gorky ankawona miyoyo ya anthu wamba ndipo sanathe ndi chikhalidwe yosungira kunyalanyaza zopanda chilungamo zimene wakhala gawo la magulu olemera.

msanga komanso kupambana

Alexei Gorky zimayesetsa mabodza, chimene iye anali kuyang'aniridwa zonse apolisi. Ndi Korolenko mu 1895 nkhani yake "Chelkash" linasindikizidwa ku yaikulu Russian magazini. Zotsatirazi anasindikizidwa "Old Isergil", "Nyimbo ya Chimphamba," "anthu akale". Iwo sanali makamaka kwa mfundo zolembalemba maganizo, koma ndi bwino mogwirizana ndi maganizo atsopano ndale.

Mu chaka cha 1898 anawamasulira m'buku lake "Essays ndi Nkhani", amene anali kupambana modabwitsa ndipo limakhulupirira Gorky litavomereza zonse Russian. Tiyeni nkhani ake anali kwambiri zokongola, anasonyeza kuti moyo wa anthu wamba, kuchokera pansi wake amene anabweretsa Alekseyu Peshkovu kuzindikira ngati wolemba yekha amene analemba za phunziroli m'munsi. Pa nthawi imeneyi anali wotchuka kwambiri monga L. N. Tolstoy ndi A. P. Chehov.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1904 mpaka 1907 lidalembedwa ndi kusewera "Afilisti", "m'munsi kuya", "Ana a Sun", "Chilimwe Folk". ntchito zake oyambirira sanali kuloza chikhalidwe, koma zilembo ndi mitundu awo khalidwe ndi maganizo wapadera kwa moyo umene uli kwambiri ngati owerenga.

ntchito chosintha

Wolemba Alexei Gorky anali kutsatira odzipereka wa demokalase Marxist chikhalidwe, ndipo mu 1901 analemba "The Song wa Mafunde Petrel" amene anafunikira zingapo. Pakuti Kukwezeleza lotseguka kanthu chosintha, anamangidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku Nizhny Novgorod. Mu 1902, Gorky anakumana ndi Lenin m'chaka chomwecho chisanko wake monga membala wa Imperial Academy of belles-lettres chinathetsedwa.

Wolemba analinso lolinganiza chachikulu: kuchokera 1901 anali mtsogoleri wa kusindikiza nyumba "Kudziwa" yomwe lofalitsidwa olemba bwino nyengo. Iye anathandiza gulu chosintha mwauzimu okha, komanso ndalama. The nyumba ya wolemba ntchito ngati likulu kwa boma pamaso zochitika zofunika. Pa nyumba yake St. Petersburg analankhula Lenin. Pambuyo pa December kugalukira mfuti 1905 Maksim Gorky poopa kumangidwa pa nthawi, anaganiza zochoka ku Russia.

dziko lina

Alexei Gorky anapita ku Finland ndipo kuchokera kumeneko - kwa Ulaya ndi United States, pamene anasonkhanitsa ndalama kulimbana ndi Bolsheviks. Pachiyambi, adakomana naye amiably: wolemba svol wodziwa Theodore Roosevelt ndi Mark awiri. Mu America, izo imafalitsidwa buku wotchuka "Mayi". Komabe, pambuyo pake, Achimereka anayamba kaduka zochita zake zandale.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1906 mpaka 1907, Gorky ankakhala pa chilumba cha Capri, kumene anapitiriza kuthandiza Bolsheviks. Pa nthawi yomweyo, izo amalenga chiphunzitso chapadera cha "mulungu zomanga". Cholinga chake chinali kuti makhalidwe ndi miyambo zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuposa ndale. Chiphunzitsochi chinali maziko a "kuvomereza" wa buku la. Ngakhale Lenin anakana zikhulupiriro zimenezi, wolemba adathimiza kutewera iwo.

Bwererani ku Russia

Mu 1913, Aleksey Maksimovich anabwerera kwawo. Pa First World nkhondo, iye anataya chikhulupiriro mu mphamvu ya munthu. Mu 1917, ubwenzi wake ndi boma la sakuyenda bwino, iye anakhumudwa mu atsogoleri a zisinthe.

Zowawa amazindikira kuti kufuna ake onse kupulumutsa anzeru satsatira yankho la Bolsheviks. Koma pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Lenin mu 1918, iye amadziwa zikhulupiriro zawo zolakwika ndi anabwerera Bolsheviks. Mu 1921, ngakhale msonkhano ndi Lenin, sakhoza kudzipulumutsa iwo kuchokera kuphedwa kwa bwenzi lake, wolemba ndakatulo Nikolai Gumilyov. Kenako anasiya Bolshevik Russia.

kukonzanso emigration

Mogwirizana ndi kulimbitsa kuukira TB pa Lenin ndi pempho mwamsanga Gorky kumanzere Russia kwa Italy, ku mzinda wa Sorrento. Pali Atamaliza trilogy wake autobiographical. Mu ukapolo, wolemba mpaka 1928, koma akupitirizabe kukhala ojambula Soviet Union.

Iye amatiuza ntchito zolembalemba, koma analemba kale malinga ndi zochita latsopano zolembalemba. Kuchoka panyumba analemba buku "The Artamonov Business" nkhani. Iwo anali atayamba ntchito yaikulu "The Life of Klim Samgin" kuti wolemba analibe nthawi kumaliza. Mogwirizana ndi imfa ya Lenin, Gorky analemba bukhu kukumbukira za mtsogoleri.

Kunyumba, ndipo zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Alexei Gorky maulendo angapo kuti Soviet Union, koma iwo sanakhale. Mu 1928, pa ulendo wopita ku dziko, anawonetsedwa "kutsogolo" mbali ya moyo. Akutama wolemba analemba essays pa Soviet Union.

Mu 1931 anabwerera ku Soviet Union zabwino pa kuyitana munthu wa Stalin. Aleksey Maksimovich anapitirizabe kulemba, koma ntchito zake apasa chifanizo cha Stalin ndi utsogoleri lonse, osanenapo za kupondereza zambiri. Ndithudi, izi zilili sankasangalala ndi wolemba, koma pa nthawi ziganizo sizilingana maulamuliro, sililola.

Mu 1934, mwana Gorky wamwalira, ndipo June 18, 1936 m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi, afa lisanathe limakhulupirira Gorky. Ulendo womaliza wa wolemba dziko anaona kuchokera utsogoleri dziko lonse. The urn ndi phulusa wake anamuika m'manda ku khoma Kremlin.

Features ndinu Maksima Gorkogo

ntchito yake ndi wapadera chifukwa chakuti ndi mu nthawi ya kugwa kwa bizinesi, iye anatha momveka bwino kupereka boma la anthu pogwiritsa malongosoledwe a anthu wamba. Ndipotu palibe munthu pamaso pake sanali kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane moyo wa strata m'munsi mwa anthu. Ndi choonadi ichi maliseche a m'kalasi ntchito udachita iye chikondi cha anthu.

chikhulupiriro chake mwa munthu akhoza m'zimene oyambirira, iye ankakhulupirira kuti munthu akhoza mothandizidwa ndi moyo wake wauzimu kuti kusintha. Limakhulupirira Gorky anatha kuphatikiza choonadi owawa ndi chikhulupiriro makhalidwe abwino. Ndipo ndi kuphatikiza zomwe zimapangitsa ntchito yake yapadera, ngwazi - losaiwalika, ndipo ambiri anachita Gorky wolemba ntchito.