AIDS: tanthauzo ndipo akuyembekezera

Kamene kamawononga chitetezo m'thupi kapena kamene kamawononga chitetezo m'thupi (HIV), a banja retrovirus ndi mtundu Lentivirus. mtundu Izi zikuphatikizapo oimira amene amayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana a magazi ndi kuperewera kwa m'thupi mwa nyama ndi.

Chiyambi ndi chizindikiritso cha

Mtundu ukufanizidwa ndi awiri sanali ma wothandizila - HIV-1 ndi HIV-2, amatha kuchititsa Tizitha Immunodeficiency Syndrome - (. Engl Tizitha immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) AIDS. Komabe, subtypes awa amasiyana liwiro chitukuko matenda. Akukhulupirira kuti chachiwiri HIV-2 mtundu zochepa aukali dongosolo anthu m'thupi. Iye inafalitsidwa mu Asia, Europe, America ndi Africa.

Kupezeka zokopa anali m'magazini yotchedwa Science, atazindikira pamaso pa nthumwi opatsirana mu lymph ndi mfundo amuna amene anavutika ndi matenda pamwamba. DNA kusanthula anasonyeza kuti subspecies awiri kamene kamawononga chitetezo m'thupi inayamba osiyana. Wachibale wake wapafupi wa HIV-1 kunapezeka kuti kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa chitukuko cha immunodeficiency ku anyani, anayamba kuganizira iwo monga subspecies za mtundu womwewo. Amaona kuti munthuyo ali ndi kachilombo izo kupyolera mukulumikizana ndi nyama yowola. Mtundu wachiwiri kugwirizana ndi lymphadenopathy.

Nkhaniyi itithandiza kuona mmene AIDS amapezeka zotsatira za kufala kwa thandizo ake kwa thupi.

ndondomeko mudza-

ndondomeko Infection ankaikira mavairasi onse. Mkati mwa selo, matenda wothandizila integrates DNA ake mu gulu chromosomal helix, motero kusintha chikhalidwe cha mawu losokonekera ake, chifukwa mu kuwonjezeka mu kuchuluka zotupa zilonda.

AIDS akufotokozera ndi ingestion cha matenda wothandizila HIV. Iwo infects maselo onse padziko omwe ali achindunji immunoglobulin cholandilira. Pa kukhudzana kugonana ndi okondedwa ndi kachilombo zakonzedwa woyamba HIV dendritic maselo ndi macrophages, ndikulondera ndi epithelium a kumaliseche, zolandilira awa ndi T lymphocytes (maselo T kuti kuzindikira ndi kuwononga antigens yachilendo) pano mu kuchuluka mu nembanemba wa mucous. Ngati HIV alowa m'thupi kudzera mumkaka, pachipata kutumikira lake M-maselo Peyer a yamawangamawanga.

Pomaliza, ngati kachilombo akulowa m'magazi, izo zivute zitani akulowa lymph mfundo, amene zopezeka angathe maselo khamu kufotokoza T-lymphocytes. The lymph mfundo nawonso mwa maselo Antigen-kupereka (kuwononga antigens), amene angathe kupatsira kachilombo koyambitsa Edzi. Zotsatira zake zonse kwambiri.

siteji ya matenda

Mu masiku oyambirira matenda akufotokozera pachimake gawo la matenda pamene HIV wochulukitsa mofulumira onyamula pafupifupi onse maselo maselo immunoglobulin, ambiri a iwo amafa. Ndiye matenda wothandizila amakhala zobisika boma awasungira makamaka ngati provirus (kuwonjezekeredwa muchipindachi khamu), isanafalikire makamaka T-lymphocytes. Iwo anapanga pambuyo msonkhano ndi Antigen yeniyeni, ndi adamulowetsa pamene anatchulidwanso. Iwo kubereka mu pang'ono kufalitsidwa m'magazi.

Pamenepo adadzanso siteji asymptomatic a matenda, imene anthu tizilombo amakhala osiyana sakanikira chifukwa kudzikundikira masinthidwe. Mosadziwa chepetse chiwerengero cha T-maselo chifukwa iwo amafa kugawanika monga tizilombo.

Ichi ndi choopsa ndi AIDS. Zotsatira za matenda ndizo chakuti pa nthawi ya matenda nambala ya maselo T amachepetsa otsutsa, chulutsa kachilombo mu zimakhala kwa mwanabele kumabweretsa alibe zakale, ndipo ambiri matenda HIV amakhala zigwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana maselo khamu. Adamulowetsa ophunzira cytotoxic ma m'thupi poyankha kutsutsa kwa chitetezo odana ndi tizilombo, zina, minofu osiyana tropism.

Mu nthawi ya chitukuko cha matenda ndi matenda aliwonse zingakutetezeni koopsya kwa chamoyo. Against maziko a AIDS anthu ndi kachitidwe kusweka m'thupi zambiri kukhala matenda ena tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, HIV kale kale chifukwa cha khansa, koma kenako anatuluka kuti chifooke za m'thupi ndi khansa amayamba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chosiyana, ndipo si mmene HIV ndi AIDS.

Chifukwa chitetezo cha anthu sangathe kulimbana ndi kachilombo ka HIV?

mfundo ndi yakuti kachilombo ka HIV kunapezeka kukhala waluso "manipulator", mutu maziko a chitetezo chokwanira ndiponso kulipira kuti ntchito zawo. "Zopindulitsa" ndi mphamvu ya HIV yaitali kukhalabe mawonekedwe zobisika. Ngati mwamsanga matenda koyamba ndi ndondomeko tizilombo ndi kuponderezedwa, ndiye pang'onopang'ono (zaka zingapo) wawononga chitetezo cha m'thupi. Chandamale yaikulu ya HIV ndi T-lymphocytes. Bwinobwino zimayendetsa angapo zochita m'thupi yankho ku matenda kutaya luso lawo zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo chiwerengero amachepetsa. The zina chitetezo cha m'thupi maselo (B-lymphocytes, monocytes ndi NK-selo) kuzindikira kusiya chizindikiro nkhoswe ya maselo T zambiri amayamba anachita autoimmune. Kutha liziyenda bwinobwino ndipo onse maselo Antigen-kupereka, monga iwo amakhalanso ndi kachilombo.

Chifukwa chiyani ndikukhala ndi matenda obwera ngati AIDS?

thupi kachilombo umabala neutralizing akupha HIV. Komabe, chiwerengero chawo si mkulu, ndi mu lingaliro iwo zatetezapo monga stimulant kwa masiyanidwe a HIV. Mu yomweyi, chiwerengero cha chitetezo apanga, epitopes kuti alipo (moiety anazindikira mwa oteteza ndi) envelopu tizilombo, ndipo popanda Kufikika pang'ono chifukwa glycoproteins chapadera chitsimikiziro. chitetezo choterocho mwanjira bwino anazindikira mwa maselo a chitetezo cha m'thupi.

Mu zina, macrophages angagwirizanitse luso HIV ndi kucheza ndi maselo zina padziko maselo chandamale ndi mkatikati mwa iwo ndi endocytosis. Choncho, humoral m'thupi kuwayankha, chida champhamvu kwambiri chitetezo cha m'thupi ku HIV wathyoka kwathunthu.

zizindikiro

Pomwepo kuzindikira matenda ndi zovuta, chifukwa mu magawo oyambirira matenda alibe zizindikiro. A zizindikiro wotsatira mosavuta kusokonezedwa ndi matenda ena. Mwachitsanzo, anaonjezera lymph mfundo, kutopa ndi kufooka, kusakhala ndi chilakolako, kuwonda, kuiwala, chifunga malingaliro - onse zizindikiro izi zikhoza chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya. Ndipo izi, ngati nthawi zina zotsatira za HIV ndi AIDS.

Choncho, zizindikiro zotsatirazi ayenera makamaka kulabadira: thukuta kwambiri kapena kuzizira, makamaka nthawi usiku, zikamera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mawanga kapena totupa pakhungu, kufupika kwa mpweya ndi kukhosomola mofulumira, kutentha thupi, kusokoneza yachibadwa matumbo ntchito.

An chizindikiro zofunikira kuti umenewu ndi pafupipafupi zosayembekezereka wa matenda a mafangasi kuchuluka. Imeneyi imagwira ntchito kwa kugonana ndi mavairasi nsungu, matenda a M'mimbamo m'kamwa, ndi ena. Choncho, kuoneka pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri mwa zizindikiro zotsatirazi n'kofunika kuti anayesedwa, osati kutchula mayeso zachipatala pachaka matenda AIDS mu nthawi. Zotsatira za matenda kuonekera pa nthawi iliyonse.

ziwerengero matenda

Ngakhale kuti madokotala, asayansi, anthu, milandu thandizo, vuto ali bwino ankalamulira, ndipo ziziyenda zinthu mpaka anapatsidwa mwayi. Malinga ndi World Health Organization, pa mapeto a 80s kwa 2006, ku "mliri wa zaka mazana makumi awiri" inapha anthu oposa 25 miliyoni. Mayiko ambiri, vuto amakhala kovuta. Malinga deta analengeza pa msonkhano wa mayiko pa AIDS mu 2010, anthu opitirira mamiliyoni 40 amaonedwa kuti ndi matenda a HIV. Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za AIDS zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Data pa matenda

Russian sayansi-methodical likulu la matenda odana immunodeficiency amapereka deta otsatirawa pa matenda kuyambira m'chaka cha 1994:

• 1994 - 887 anthu.
• 1999 - 30647 anthu.
• 2004 - 296 045 anthu,;
• 2009 - 516 167 anthu.

Ndi kusanthula deta awa, n'zotheka mme- mphamvu ya mliri wa. Anthu masiku ano ndipo komabe ayenera tilinazo atafufuza thupi wothandizila tizilombo kuti sanali loopsa amadza chifukwa cha AIDS. Pa thupi zokhudza HIV anali bwino negative.

Kuchiza ndi kupewa

luso Umboni HIV ndi kutitengera vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndi kufunafuna njira mankhwala AIDS. miyeso ambiri a chitetezo matenda tizilombo imakhudzana ndi kukondoweza kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi kachilombo kwathunthu chophwanya kanthu ake yolongosoka, amene Pankhaniyi zingachititse kuti zotsatira sizimadziwika.

N'zosatheka polimbana ndi HIV, kuononga onse omwe ali m'ndende chifukwa izi zingachititse imfa sizingasinthe yokumbukira m'thupi. Izi ndi zotsatira za AIDS. Pa thupi la munthu ayenera zotsatira zina.

Zingamuthandize malangizo chitukuko cha mankhwala AIDS - kufunafuna mankhwala kuti akathetse kugawanika kwa kachilombo mu malo oyamba ndondomeko galamafoniyo n'zosiyana, yomwe monga pafupifupi kwina eukaryotes. Ku mbali iyi, ndi wopambana. Choncho, ngati mu trimester wotsiriza wa mimba, mayi kumwa mankhwala kamodzi "AZT" kapena "Lamivudine", mwanayo 99% milandu sitinabadwe ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwambiri antiretrotvirusnoy pamene wodwala kulandira mankhwala pa yomweyo n'zosiyana transcriptase woletsa ndi protease woletsa, kulola kwa zaka m'mbuyo Kukula kwa matendawa.

Pomaliza

Katemera ndi AIDS amakhalabe zosatheka, chifukwa si kulongosola mbali ambiri amene amadza chifukwa cha HIV pa chitetezo cha m'thupi. Sizinaulilire kwambiri immunogenic epitopes mapulotini tizilombo. Liwiro masinthidwe a HIV amene walowa thupi kwambiri, amene kumatha kuthekera kwa nthawi yaitali chitukuko cha katemera, pamene zinalephereka katemera ungawonjeze chitukuko cha matenda. Awa ndi zotsatira zoipa lili AIDS.