Zakukonzanso Ukraine pambuyo kusainira pangano ndi EU. zakukonzanso Kodi ndi mmene zogwirizana ndi kulowa kwa Ukraine mu EU?

Posachedwapa ku Poland izo analengedwa ndi bungwe lotchedwa "Restitution malire", cholinga chimene amati woimira zofuna zake anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo kuchokera Union linalanda Soviet mu madera 1939.

Malinga ndi zimene anthu oimira ake m'mabwalo Chiyukireniya adzakhala ada mangala milandu akufuna kubwerera katundu kapena malipiro a chuma, amene anathamangitsidwa mokakamiza asalandidwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali kufunika kumvetsa zimene zakukonzanso ndi mmene zogwirizana ndi kulowa kwa Ukraine mu EU.

Ndani ali kuseri kwa "zakukonzanso malire"

uthenga anali mwachangu anatengedwa mmwamba ndi atolankhani Russian. TV A Poland analephera kusonyeza kuti woyambitsa wa bungwe ili ndi ovomereza-Kremlin chipani "Change".

Mu Ukraine, nkhani zakukonzanso aukitsa mkulu wakale wa utsogoleli Yanukovych ndi, mutu wa ovomereza-Russian bungwe "Chiyukireniya kusankha" Victor Medvedchuk. Mu 2015, iye ananena kuti Lublin anakhazikitsa bungwe kuti amafuna kubwerera chuma ku nzika za Poland, zomwe iwo anali mu madera kale Polish, kapena malipiro.

Malinga Medvedchuk, sikapangano Association walenga ndi yodalirika zakukonzanso - adzabwerenso chuma chenicheni eni kale. Mwachitsanzo, iye anatchula athamangitsidwe wa Wii Artmane a malo pakati pa Riga, imachitika popanda malipiro. mfundo Submenu ndi kutsatira tingachipeze powerenga mpheto njira mfundo amalenga "lenileni" kuopseza kuti akubwera ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi pangano.

Medvedchuk nthumwi za anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo kunena kuti zakukonzanso Ukraine pambuyo kusainira ndi EU kucheza pangano adzakhala malo onse malamulo. Ndipotu si.

Ukraine + = zakukonzanso European Union?

pangano amasankha yekha mfundo za mgwirizano mu dera malamulo. Komanso, amapereka kusintha kwa malamulo Chiyukireniya mfundo European.

Malinga Article 14, mgwirizano m'munda wa chilungamo, chitetezo komanso ufulu wa zipani athandize kulimbikitsa lamulo ndi kulimbitsa mabungwe pa magulu osiyanasiyana a boma - ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo ndi mabwalo amilandu. Mogwirizana adzatumizidwa kuphatikizapo kulimbitsa chitetezo cha bwalo, kuwongolera Mwachangu awo, ufulu ndi mopanda tsankho, komanso polimbana ndi ziphuphu. Cooperation m'munda wa chilungamo, ufulu ndi mtendere zochokera kulemekeza ufulu wa chibadwidwe ndi ufulu wina ofunika.

Tikuyankhula zokhudza mbali procedural ndi mabungwe a chitetezo nzika 'ndi zakukonzanso Ukraine pambuyo kulowa si otchulidwa EU.

ufulu kupeza

Malinga Article 471 la mgwirizano wa za maiko awiri ayenera kupereka nzika zawo ndi magulu a mwayi sanali yotsalidwa matupi milandu ndi utsogoleri kuteteza ufulu wawo ndi katundu.

Palinso otchulidwa yekha mbali procedural kupeza nzika "matupi milandu ndi utsogoleri kuti tithetse vuto lakusalana pa iwo, ndi zakukonzanso Ukraine pambuyo kusaina wa EU si anapereka.

No zoletsa mlendo

Ufulu ku tsankho kwa anthu Chiyukireniya mayiko ena si chinthu chatsopano. Civil ndi Kayendesedwe malonda Code, Chilamulo "Pa mayiko Chilamulo Private" mwayi ndi nzika ena ndi makampani kuti kuteteza ufulu wawo m'makhoti Chiyukireniya sukhala. Komanso, zochitika za Chipolishi Chiyukireniya chipangano cha 1993 okhudza malamulo kuthandizika waswa malamulo ndi boma, monga amene anthu ndi magulu a maiko awiri akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito makhoti mzake.

Mphekesera maulalo malamulo kuteteza ufulu wa anthu othamangitsidwa m'dziko ndi ana awo pa chuma mu lemba la mgwirizano alibe chitsimikiziro.

Restitution malo ndi katundu wina ku Ukraine kumafuna kuti likhale pangano ndi malamulo EU la chilamulo substantive, osati procedural. Tiyenera osachepera kutchula iliyonse mapangano ena padziko lonse. Koma palibe.

Choncho, kunena pangano pa EU Association - Ukraine, "Restitution Borders" ndi ntchito yochotsa iye.

Misa magulu a 1939-40

zakukonzanso Kodi ndi mmene zogwirizana ndi kulowa kwa Ukraine mu EU, singalifotokoze chitsanzo cha zinachitikadi.

Mu 1936, boma la Soviet anatengera kusamvana pa resettlement wa Zitsulo ku Ukraine kwa Kazakhstan. M'chaka choyamba cha ntchito ya m'madera kale Polish ku Siberia, ndi Republic Komi ndi dera Volga anathamangitsidwa hafu miliyoni nzika za Polish dziko.

Pambuyo analanda dziko, ndi chiyambi cha 1940, NKVD anamangidwa ndipo anabweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo wachifwamba, 18,3 thous. Anthu (2.8 zikwi. Ukrainians, 5.4 zikwi. Zitsulo 1.4 zikwi. Ayuda) . Poyamba, mu 1940 zinayambira "kukonza m'dera ku zinthu chikhalidwe mlendo" - zinachitikadi kuthamangitsidwa mu yozizira 1940, 88,4 zikwi anthu a Polish dziko, ndipo m'chaka cha 1940 -. 29 anthu zikwi ..

Kwa zaka 2 NKVD anapanga 4 misa kuwasamutsa ku madera linalanda. Mu a Chikazaki SSR, Siberia, ndi North ndi Far East onse anatumiza anthu 335 zikwi, amene osachepera 198 zikwi - .. Kuchokera madera azigwira.

kulandidwa katundu

Pamodzi ndi kuthamangitsidwa ndi zinachitikadi:

• Expropriation zigawo.
• The katundu wa wambiri dziko mokomera anthu wamba osauka. M'chaka choyamba analanda dziko izo ankalandidwa mahekitala biliyoni 2,75 - 1/3 m'mayiko onse. Theka amene anawagawira wamba, ndipo ena ndi kunditumiza ku minda ndi gulu ndi minda boma.
• Nationalization a mabanki, makampani malonda ndi makampani.

zopezera lonse ngongole ogula cooperatives, "anagonjetsa" osawuka olemera linathetsedwa.

Pa zaka ziwiri zochita za katundu ufulu akhala linaphwanya Ukrainians, Poland, Ayuda ndi nthumwi za mayiko ena.

Resettlement zaka 1944-47

Mu 1944, pa September 9, pakati pa boma Chiyukireniya ndi Polish Komiti ya National Kumasuka anasaina mgwirizano pa gulu la Zitsulo ku Ukraine ndi Ukrainians ku Poland. Mgwirizanowo chinanena makonzedwe a dziko malo resettlement.

Timeframe achoke anaika pa 02/01/45 kuti 15/10/44 ndipo anawonjezera kuti mgwirizanowo zina. Kuloledwa kuchita zochepa katundu ndi zipangizo. Kunali kosatheka kuti atenge mfundo za kupatula pang'ono ndalama. Onse pa chuma anafotokoza ndi zoperewerazo "inshuwalansi" mtengo kumapeto wasamuka monga mapangano a. Titamaliza wa gulu la 06/05/47, mu likulu la Poland zochita zogwirizana akhala anasaina.

Choncho, nkhani ya bwalo, aliyense mkangano munthu ayenera kuti muganize momwe ndi pamene yosamutsa ndi kunachitidwa dispossession Pole. Pankhani ya kusuntha zaufulu kunenanso kuwonongeka makhalidwe abwino ndi zinthu, mwachitsanzo. E., Restitution of Ukraine pambuyo kusaina sikapangano EU Association, kukhala zoona.

Ambiri mwina, makhoti angakhale kukopa mbiri yakale kuphunzira miyala ya Ukraine, Poland ndi Russia.

Mawu otsiriza - malamulo a m'dziko mwathu

Malinga ndi pangano pa thandizo malamulo, osati lamulo Polish adzagwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi mikangano amenewa, ndi Chiyukireniya. Zofunika ayenera anagonjera ku makhoti Chiyukireniya.

The Civil Code la Ukraine anayamba ntchito 01.01.04. Zotsatira Retroactive pa zochitika za 1939-40, alibe, kuyambira udindo zoperewerazo kumawononga ngati izo sizinali chifukwa chosowa malamulo zogwirizana. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti boma amachititsa azilipira imfa ya othamangitsidwa m'dziko nyumba zawo (zomwe zikusonyeza zakukonzanso Ukraine) pambuyo kusaina sikapangano EU Association palibe boma.

precedents ndi

Reference kwa ufulu wa anthu omwe enshrined chitetezo awo ndi Convention, chifukwa sapereka - kuti kudzipereka kwake kwa Ukraine kuti zotsatira zokha kuchokera tsiku inalowa ake mu 1997, ufulu mayesero ndi chifukwa mlandu ndi akadandaule pambuyo kulowa mu mphamvu ya Convention Komabe, kuphwanya katundu ufulu chimene chinachitika ku chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse mu chitetezo cha khotilo sangakhale.

Zimenezi kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi mfundo yaikulu Gawo 28 la Convention Vienna Chilamulo cha mgwirizano, chimene Mapangano amenewa retroactive. The ECtHR kale anafufuza mikangano zofanana, kuphatikizapo zochita nkhambakamwa ndi Czech Republic, Romania ndi Greece. Zochita zake Court anapeza kuyan'anila za panganoli, koma wosangalala nkhani amanena zingasiyane malingana ndi dziko. zisankho izi zimamasuliridwa milandu imene katundu ufulu akhala linaphwanya pa maziko a malamulo ano m'mayiko amenewa. Kuti Boma la Ukraine, mchitidwe umenewu sizikhudza.

zinachitikira Latvia a

Maonekedwe zakukonzanso ndi dongosolo lake anafotokozedwa pa mlingo wa malamulo achindunji boma. Zitsanzo ndi malamulo a Latvia adzabweranso ndi denationalization katundu, amene akubwerera umwini wa chuma chenicheni uziyenda mu zaka 1940-80 ndi boma ndi anthu amene kukhazikitsa malamulo a mwankhanza ndi kusalabadira ufulu wa eni.

Malamulo operekedwa ukutitsimikizira ankakhala nyumba amenewa, akupereka nthawi yobwereka ndi kuika pazipita kuchuluka kwa lendi. The Constitutional Court zikutsatidwa kupanda dziko ya udindo kwa nationalization katundu anachita ndi akuluakulu ntchito.

Denationalization mu Lithuania

Mu Lithuania, nkhani ndi Lamulo mwa lamulo pa zakukonzanso katundu ufulu, amene mawu a malamulo a Soviet Union. Tikaonanso ufulu pa malo mahekitala 150 m'midzi ndi mahekitala 0.4 - m'mizinda, nyumba ndi makampani katundu. Nyengo ntchito zinali zochepa M'chaka cha 2001.

Restitution ku Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovak yamalamulo mu 1991 anatengera malamulo okhudza konzanso extrajudicial ndi kubwerera expropriated ndi nationalized katundu. Restitution unachitikira nzika Czechoslovak. Anali anapereka malipiro ndalama ntchito, osati kwa amaumirira adzabwerenso chuma chenicheni, kapena ngati mtengo wa katundu uyu chawonjezeka kwambiri pambuyo kupatuka wrongful.

Polish Baibulo

Mu 2001, Polish Sejm anatengera lamulo, zomwe kubwera kwa katundu ndi ufulu izo Polish nzika. Iwo anali ndi akapolo iye veto pulezidenti, amene sanalole kuti tilowe mu mphamvu. Chigamulo mikangano zakukonzanso anachita chinkhoswe m'makhoti. Kubwerera kwa katundu, monga ulamuliro, ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a sheya ndi bwino kugula dziko kapena mukuchita makampani.

Zochitikachitika za m'mayiko amene kale zokomera bloc limasonyeza kuti zakukonzanso Ukraine pambuyo kusainira pangano ndi EU ndi malamulo pa mlingo boma. Nyumba yamalamulo ili ndi ufulu okha kudziwa ndondomeko yake, nthawi amaloledwa, bwalo la anthu amene zinthu zimenezi amagwiranso ntchito. Yemweyo zachitika Ukraine.

Chiyukireniya malamulo

Verkhovna Rada mu 1991 anatengera lamulo pa konzanso wa anazunzidwa pa zifukwa zandale, chimene, konzanso chimakwirira zapakati pa 1917 ndi chiyambi cha zochita za lamulo kwa anthu amene anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo ku Ukraine. Iwo mokakamiza adasamutsidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono akumanidwa ufulu wa kalasi, zifukwa chikhalidwe mtundu, ndale ndiponso chipembedzo.

Koma lamulo ili sichiri kwa alendo. Maonekedwe a boma adzabweranso inaperekedwa nyumba kuyamwa ndi katundu kapena malipiro a mtengo wake, koma kwa nzika ya Ukraine. Ochimwilidwa malamulo yachilendo sasamalira.

Unilateral kapena amgwirizano zakukonzanso?

Mu Ukraine, pali ayesetsa kuthetsa nkhaniyi pa mlingo wa chilamulo: mu 2005 ntchito yomanga yofunsira kubwezeretsedwa kwa ufulu tisiye katundu, amene akufuna kulola kubwerera chuma, osati Ukrainians komanso alendo. Lamulo pa zakukonzanso Ukraine anatengera ndiye sanali - pa mapeto a boma kudziwa limagwirira cha kubweranso kwa chuma kwa eni kale (unilateral zakukonzanso) adzabwerenso katundu wina chipani (amgwirizano zakukonzanso) Sunali kuperekedwa. Izi zikusiyana ndi chakudya cha Civil Code.

Mu ndalama, tikhoza kunena kuti pa nthawi iyi zakukonzanso katundu ku Ukraine alibe malo malamulo. Mfundo yomaliza ndi zotheka patapita kusanthula mozama wina amanena payekha, umboni ndi mfundo.

A boma yachilendo ayenera kudziwa mfundo mayiko a reciprocity, malinga ndi zimene zakukonzanso Ukraine mu EU akhoza kukhala nthawi za ulaliki wa zonena ndi Poland.