Zachuma, mitundu yake ndi zinthu chitukuko

Zaka zapitazi, anayamba mfundo zambiri bwino chuma, ndi mfundo zazikulu ndi pa chizindikiritso cha mbali zina za kwambiri mapulogalamu ndi zinthu payekha mwa dongosolo. zachuma ndi kuwonjezeka mu dongosolo ulimi wa dziko, chifukwa mu ponso GDP ndi mankhwala ukonde kwa ogwira ntchito a. Nthawi zina, akhoza kutenga malo opanda kusintha ka katundu, ena - kutsatana patsogolo kwambiri dongosolo ndi ntchito za dongosolo lonse kupanga.

Kukula chuma mtundu woyamba amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri chuma chuma - kupanga misewu, mabizinesi, zomera mphamvu. mtundu uwu ali ndi dzina - zochuluka bwino chuma. The chachiwiri mtundu wa kukula amatchedwa kwafalikira, mu nkhani iyi, kukula GDP akuchita pofuna kuwathetsa kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha zomwe zilipo zachuma. Nayenso mbewuzi zachuma ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu otetezedwa Komabe, kusintha kwa zovuta.

Njira yaikulu bwino chuma ndi zinthu mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina. Pamene mzere uwu umatchedwa zimene analenga mwayi kukula. Direct kotunga zinthu:

• khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zachilengedwe;
• khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu oti;
• luso ndi gulu kupanga;
• kuchuluka kwa likulu;
• chitukuko cha luso entrepreneurial ndi msinkhu wawo masiku ano anthu ambiri.

zinthu sitipereka ndi monga zinthu zimene zingathe kuzindikira prerequisites zotheka kuyendetsa bwino chuma. Otchedwa zinthu zotsalira za okwanira ndi kugawa:

• msonkho nyengo chuma;
• kuchepetsa mlingo wa monopolization a msika;
• mphamvu ya ulemerero ndi banki dongosolo;
• kukula mu ogula boma ndi ndalama ndalama;
• zotheka reallocation chuma m'mafakitale chuma;
• Kukula kwa makontena katundu;
• opaleshoni yogawa ndalama dongosolo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, kukula yaikulu zachuma imatengedwa mtundu zophweka kwambiri kukula, ithandiza kwambiri njira zothetsera kuonjezera mayendedwe a vuto la zachuma, ndi limakupatsani msanga kukwaniritsa kuwonjezeka mu kuthekera chuma dziko. kukula yaikulu pafupifupi nthawi yoyamba kukula kwambiri. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri zizindikiro za chuma kukula, iwo zogwirizana ndipo ali ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa mosazindikira kuti angathe kupanga.

Pakali pano, pali maganizo awiri kapena zochepa chifukwa mlingo wa kukula zachuma: Keynesian ndi neoclassical. Onse mfundo za kukula zachuma ndi malingaliro ukasintha osiyana za mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Neoclassicism mukukhulupirira limagwirira msika, akhoza kuthetsa mavuto onse amene alipo mu dziko. Keynesians, iwonso amati msika limagwirira imayenda pang'onopang'ono kwambiri ndipo tingayambe chuma kwa mlingo watsopano akadali yaitali kwambiri.

chiphunzitso Keynesian namtsata ndi maboma ambiri mu nthawi nkhondoyo, koma kukula zachuma mlingo lotsatira, kudziwa ndi zoyipa yotithandiza kufunika akaphatikiza. pempholo sanathe kukhala ndi kufunika kwambiri mpweya, mitengo zitsulo kuwuka ndi kufufuma ali ankaganiza kufanana kwambiri. Choncho Mipingo ya sankawabisira chakuti mayiko ambiri adza kwa malo a neoclassical.

Tikayang'ana chakuti mavuto a zachuma chitukuko ndi kukula mu Russian kupeza kuwonjezeka kufunika m'tsogolo n'zotheka chitukuko kwathunthu malangizo atsopano komanso zothandiza pa chitukuko cha ulimi, kukwaniritsa amadwala kukula azachuma, monga Motero, kuwonjezeka mu zinthu umoyo wa Russia.