Yakut mpeni kwa kusaka, chithunzi. Yakut mpeni Batu

Yakutsky mpeni akuimira zosinthika osiyana mipeni, limene kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito ndi anthu a m'dziko la Yakutia. Ndi ponena chakuti chida ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu wotchuka chikhalidwe ya anthu okhala m'madera ena komanso m'mayiko ofunika.

tsamba

Tsamba amene ali Sakha mpeni ndi lakuthwa, pamene pa dzanja limodzi tsamba ndi zayamba molunjika mbuyo. Mbali yaikulu ya tsamba - ndi kukhalapo kwa Kukulitsa asymmetric, zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi asayansi woyamba nawo maphunziro a moyo wa Yakuts. Pa dzanja limodzi, tsamba lino ndi kwathunthu mosabisa ndipo ali madola, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mbali ina ya tsamba yokhota kumapeto. Mapulani ntchito pokonza ntchito Yakut mpeni si "kuika maliro" kwambiri mfundo, ndipo ndi chifukwa chake kwa lefties ndi righties anapangidwa Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana zida.

Monga izo zimachitika

M'kupita kwa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja m'gawo la Yakutia amakono (Sakha Republic), padatsimikiza kuti mpeni Yakut ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu malinga ndi zomwe zida ankagwiritsa ntchito kalelo.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpeni ngati dera, koma chimake tingachipeze powerenga, ndi muyezo tsamba kutalika 110 kwa 170 mm, amene aikidwa pa chogwirira cha burl birch.

Komanso Dziwani n'chakuti masamba amapangidwa kuti kumabungwe osiyanasiyana anthu:

• Ana kapena akazi ntchito masamba amene kutalika ranges ku 80 110 mamilimita;
• muyezo kutalika tsamba, monga tatchulazi, 110 kwa 170 mamilimita;
• 170 mipeni mamilimita amaonedwa lalikulu, ndipo mfundo zida pafupifupi nkhondo, kotero kuti iwo anapanga yosowa kwambiri.

Komanso, masamba amasiyana m'lifupi:

• Titafika pamalo losiyana tsamba mokwanira chopapatiza;
• alass (kapena nayonso) okonzeka ndi tsamba onse.

Mu namtindi wa milandu ndi ntchito Yakut mipeni kwa nyama, komanso ngati kudula kapena pobowola. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu nkhalango izo ntchito kudula ndi ziweto kupanga kapena zodzabatizidwa zosiyanasiyana ntchito nkhuni. Choncho, malinga ndi mmene kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi, ndipo amayamba ndi chinachake chimene zosinthika wa tsamba m'lifupi ndi bwino kusankha.

Pachikhalidwe osiyana ntchito Sakha mpeni tsamba, amene zopangidwa ndi zitsulo mokwanira zofewa. ntchito umadalira pa kulemera kwa tiganizira othandiza. Choncho, ngati mukufuna mukhale ndi Yakut mipeni kwa kusaka m'munda, wofatsa zitsulo amalola kuchita izo, ngakhale ndi timiyala mtsinje kapena zinthu zilipo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi kutchuka mokwanira kwambiri anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mipeni ndi malezala omwe anapangidwa ndi sukulu yapadera zitsulo. Tikumbukenso kuti mpeni Sakha (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) zikhoza kupangidwa ngakhale a Damasiko zitsulo.

Yosatheka ambiri ofufuza amakhazikitsa osiyanasiyana mafunso okhudza kumene tsamba anaonekera dollars. Pali zosiyanasiyana Mabaibulo, chifukwa chakuti ntchito yake chofunika kwa Krovostoka, kutsiriza ndi chakuti ntchito zake ndi zofunika kuchepetsa kulemera kwa tsamba, mpeni sanali kumira m'madzi. Chinthu chokha chimene ife tikhoza kunena mwachilungamo - Yakut mpeni (chithunzi pamwambapa) ayenera kukhala yekha kumanja wa tsamba.

kusamalira

Mu Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga chogwirira amapangidwa kapu birch amene Pre-impregnated ndi mafuta enieni. In-gawo mtanda izo akufanana ndi dzira, umene kutha zakuthwa tsamba, motero kwathunthu wopanda aliyense Alonda sankafuna ndi zinthu zofanana - muyezo molunjika khasu. Utali ndi za 130-150 mm, amene ali zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa m'lifupi avareji dzanja la munthu. kukula izi amayamba osati mwa mayiko chida, komanso kuti mpeni si kumira kukachitika kuti kumizidwa m'madzi. Kuwonjezera ntchito burl birch anapezanso ntchito makungwa zidutswa superimposed pa wina ndi mzake, ndi pakati pa zigawo wa malaya awo ndi zomatira. Pambuyo gluing pa workpiece bwinobwino zouma opanikizika, ndiyeno kuchokera kwa iwo unachita khasu.

Komanso, pali a m'chimake, chogwirira cha womwe wapangidwa pulasitiki, minyanga ndi zipangizo zina, koma makamaka iwo ali aways ndipo alibe ntchito othandiza pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

m'chimake

Yakut mpeni Baty ali ndi m'chimake wapadera. Mu wosasintha iwo anapanga oxtail, limene lili mkati Ikani matabwa, mwamphamvu amagwira tsamba. The Ntchito yaikulu - si tsamba palokha, ndipo kumatula ake a chitetezo, pamene akugwira zikopa lakhala m'chimake lapansi. Imakhala kupanga birch makungwa kapena chikopa sewn muyezo, komanso yosowa kwambiri zosiyanasiyana nkhuni.

Ntchito Bovine kapena mchira wa ng'ombe m'kati kupanga m'chimake ndi imatengedwa njira yabwino alenje, ngati mpeni kugwa kapena ndewu zinthu dziko lililonse, iwo sadzakhala kupanga phokoso lambiri. Komanso, m'chimake zambiri zopangidwa kuchokera ku khungu labwino, ndilo kwenikweni madzi mwamphamvu pamene mankhwala zolondola.

Kodi izo ndi chobvalidwa ndi ntchito

Mu namtindi wa milandu anavomera kunyamula mpeni kumanzere kwa mfulu kwathunthu kuyimitsidwa, ndiko kuti, tsamba ayenera kuyang'ana kwa kumanzere. Zokwanira ufulu kuyimitsidwa chofunika kwa cholinga, kuti kusokoneza kayendedwe ka mwiniwake wa mpeni, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pamene ankavala kumanzere yabwino zokwanira tinyamuke chida ndi dzanja lake lamanja: inu muyenera kutambasula chala chanu mu nthaka.

Mu Soviet Union, ngati munthu ankavala kapena Yakut mpeni ndi manja ake, anaswa malamulo, ngakhale ngati si kugwilizana ndi anali ofunda kwambiri. Pakali pano, kupanga yonyamula katundu, kusunga ndi kugulitsa mipeni amenewa motsatira kachitidwe osiyana a boma la Yakutia, chimene ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe, kuti ntchito zake pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku amaloledwa m'dera lino.

Yakut mpeni weniweni chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu zamakolo za Yakutia ndipo ntchito zausodzi nyama, ndi kukonzekera chakudya ndi chilango cha ngakhale chiwerengero cha njira zina. Choncho, chida ichi mosalekeza ndipo wakhala umodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe chawo.

ambuye

Poganizira Yakut mipeni m'nyumba, musaiwale za mbali yofunika kwambiri - iwo ali mipeni lenileni kuti zikukangalika ntchito ndi anthu zamakolo za Yakutia tsiku ndi tsiku. M'dziko lonselo kuli kovuta kupeza banja, amene anali kulibe mmodzi mpeni zimenezi, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti amapangidwa mwakhama zinthu zinawonongeka masitolo m'mudzi kapena Wampekera. Pafupifupi m'mudzi uliwonse pano ali m'dera yake mbuye (kapena kuposa), umene ukugwira ntchito yopanga mipeni kwa umisiri payekha. Ndi chifukwa chake chikhalidwe cha manja zingasiyane malingana ndi ndondomeko imene m'mudzi makamaka amapangidwa ndi mbuye ankachita nawo ulimi wake.

Kodi mipeni izi?

Popeza kuti Yakut pa zaka zingapo zapitazi mpeni kusaka pafupifupi sanasinthe kake, salankhulanso za chiyani m'mbuyo wosazindikira zida M'malo mwake kwa zaka zambiri anatha kuzindikira bwino kwambiri ndi chilengedwe mawonekedwe mpeni kuti zinthu zonse anali mwangwiro abwino zikhalidwe za m'deralo. mpeni uwu mwamtheradi zonse zichitike kuonetsetsa digiri pazipita magwiridwe ndi mayiko. Makamaka Mwachitsanzo, Sakha mpeni, ulimi wa yomwe ikuchitika malinga ndi luso tingachipeze powerenga, amapereka zambiri zovuta tsamba, poyerekeza ndi wotchuka Chifinishi mpeni.

Chinthu chapadera cha masiku Yakut mipeni ndi tsamba alipo nyemba. Makamaka masiku akale, pamene zofunika kutulutsa amisiri azitsulo chitsulo paokha feedstock ankaona zodula kwambiri, chifukwa chimene ake scrambled kuteteza, umene tsamba ndi anang'ambika madola m'lifupi ndipo anapanga. Ngati mpeni ntchito kwambiri zinthu (mwachitsanzo, pa kutentha osachepera -50 ° ^C), ndiye pakalibe ufa si zimamulepheretsa kusintha kapena kukulitsa, pamene mmera ndi nusu mokwanira yotakata, yodziwika ndi acuteness ake, fineness, ndipo mogwirizana ndi izi mwamsanga ufulu ndi tochitsya. Mu ndondomeko ya kudula tsamba kupanga kukhala ufa mokwanira adzavomereza amakhudzana ndi nyama yekha kumbuyo mbali, ndipo chotero poyambira mu tsamba mpeni kukhala omasuka, ndi khungu adzachotsedwa monga chifukwa chakuti malo aang'ono kukhudzana.

Nkhani zikuluzikulu zomwe kupanga amangomvera - kapu, umene ndi outgrowth wapadera kuwonekera pa mizu ya birch. Iwo amakhala ndi mitengo yolimba kwambiri ndi cholimba, ndipo ali ndithu cadidi chithunzi. Komanso, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwachindunji yokha birch mtengo, makungwa kapena akanema wa oyika chomwecho ndi osiyana therefrom.

mwapadera ziperekedwe kwa kapangidwe yapadera m'chimake. Mpeni ali recessed pafupifupi 2/3 chogwirira ndipo pali kale imene kukhululukirana. Pankhaniyi, mmera ndi mwamtheradi mfulu kukangamira mu osiyana Ikani matabwa. Chifukwa ichi, mwini akhoza kungoyankha kuchotsa nkotheka kapena mpeni ndi tsamba, ngakhale pambuyo chisanu magazi kapena mafuta pa yozizira butchering masewera.

Features mpeni

Standard view wa mmera ndi osiyana, pa Koyamba, ndi m'mbali ndi losavuta kwambiri yomanga, kotero kuti anthu ambiri zingaoneke kuti ntchito ndi manyazi kwambiri. Komabe, m'manja mwa ambuye wa chida ichi mu ndondomeko izo zikuwoneka ngati chida choimbira, ndipo ngati inu akasankha mpeni mu dzanja, kukayika kulikonse za pokusokoneza kumatha nthawi yoyamba yomwe.

Wood ntchito kupanga chogwirira timatha kwa guluu wolimba kwambiri, zoipa kwambiri kanjedza, kotero kuti mpeni si kuzembera. Chigawo mtanda wa chogwirira analengedwa mu njira yakuti mpeni anali bwinobwino dzanja, kaya ntchito imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kumene, pali zosiyanasiyana yofanana, kuphatikizapo Yakut Potapova mipeni, koma muyezo ndi chimodzi mwa mosalekeza ambiri panopa zonse zilipo. Komanso, ngati tikambirana mfundo mipeni yosiyanasiyana, izo angatchedwe ambiri abwino ndiponso angwiro, ngakhale kuti pa koyamba kumasiyana kuphweka kwambiri.

nzeru

Malinga ndi nzeru zake Yakut mipeni Nikolay Potapov, ngati wina uliwonse, ndi chipatso cholinga yekha kwa chilengedwe ndi chilango cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Master mu kupanga ndondomeko mu malo oyamba kuvumbitsira singasiyanitsidwe kwa anthu osati mtundu wina wa chida wakupha kuti zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi zolinga aukali.

Pankhaniyi, kapangidwe kwambiri ya mpeni poyamba Mzimuyo, ndipo ngati Mwachitsanzo, kutenga mtundu ngakhale kukonza m'chimake ndi lamba, izo yociticka m'njira yakuti pambuyo dostavaniya mpeni tsamba akutembenukira kwa palokha, ndipo osati kunja. Ndi ponena chakuti mbali iyi si luso lililonse, ndipo anapereka malinga ndi luso zaka zakubadwa ofunika. Mwazina, sitingathe kunena kuti ngakhale mokwiya mothandizidwa ndi mpeni ndi ulemu wosula amene amapangidwa, ndipo ngati nokha ambuye kalelo olemekezeka palibe asing'anga zochepa. Inde, blacksmiths sali owopa lero, koma olemekezeka maganizo ndi kulemekeza ntchito lidakalipobe mpaka pano.

Mipeni ana

Yakut mpeni Tatarinov, komanso chitsanzo chakale, zikhoza kupangidwa kwa ana. Mu masiku akale mwanayo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu zaka anayamba kuphunzira kuchita onse a ntchito zamanja, kapena zoseweretsa yosavuta matabwa ndi thandizo la chida ichi. Ndili wamng'ono, makolo ake kumuika pafupi ndi iye, ndiyeno anapita kupanga zidole matabwa, ndi mu ndondomeko, mwanayo kuloweza kayendedwe kholo lawo kubwereza m'tsogolo. Bambo anga atazindikira kuti mwana wake ali wokonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi chida chotero, iye anapita wosula ndipo anapanga lamulo kwa mpeni aang'ono, ndiyeno lidaupereka kwa mwana wake. Dziwani chakuti mayi sakuopa kuvulala iliyonse mwanayo, ngati sayansi ya mpeni kumatha kuthekera kuvulala kwambiri, pamene mabala zazing'ono kumuphunzitsa ndi ochenjera, zomveka ndi mwadongosolo ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti tingachipeze powerenga Yakut mpeni ndi chilengedwe, aliyense Yakut pano atatu kapena anayi osiyanasiyana mpeni, ntchito zolinga zosiyana. Tikumbukenso kuti palinso mpeni wokongola kwambiri ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za kumvera pa kulankhula, umene uli chikondwerero ndi amasuntha banja ku mibadwomibadwo. mpeni Izi zonse utapachikika mwini bedi la nyumba, ndipo nthawi yomweyo palibe munthu angathe musaukhudze (makamaka ana).

Momwe zimagwirira ntchito

Ngati mpeni wapangidwa ntchito ndi zosiyanasiyana nkhuni, zimachitika ntchito kudula nyama ndi chakudya sizigwira ntchito. Kwa abusa anachita osiyana mwiniwake wa mpeni, mmene pali yokhota kumapeto tsamba mbali n'zosiyana, kulola kupewa kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba ndi kupanga matumbo pa kudula, kuyambira mwinamwake nyama akhoza kupita zoipa.

Makamaka kwambiri ndi pamwamba opepuka dzanja dongosolo nsomba, monga kawirikawiri kugwera mu mipeni madzi, umene chida kukhala akuyandama, kapena osachepera lakuya pazipita pang'onopang'ono.

Choncho, Yakut mipeni angatchedwe kwambiri odabwitsa komanso kwambiri zothandiza chida, amene chopangidwa ndi ntchito lero. Asodzi alenje komanso okonda akadali zamanja zina zambiri zikukangalika ntchito mipeni izi ngakhale kunja kwa Yakutia, lomwe kale kuti ndiye kwambiri zothandiza, monga kuyenera kwa malupanga asilikaliwo ndi zina zambiri zida mitundu kuti salinso kuposa msonkho ndi miyambo.