Seigniorage - ndi chiyani ichi? Terms of ndalama chofunika

Mu 1290, Philip IV anali nkhondo France. Ndalama Ndalama sikokwanira. Minting ndalama zatsopano anatsogolera zonse kufufuma kwambiri. Kuonetsetsa pamaso pa golide m'nyumba ya chuma cha mfumu mundilanda ufumu wa Lombards, anatenga ndalama za Ayuda ndi kulanda katundu wa Templars. Zonsezi zinachitika kupewa kulipira seigniorage - mphoto kwa minting ndalama.

mtima

Seigniorage - ndi ndalama anachokera ku kuenjezera okwanira ndalama ndi boma. Boma likhoza kuletsa ndalama kupezeka. Ndi mfundo za ngongole malamulo a dziko.

Mu Middle Ages izo zikugwira timbewu Ndalama. Ambuye ang'onoang'ono muli zitsulo kwa makasitomala. Ambiri mwa zipangizo zopangira ntchito kupanga ndalama, ndipo ena anatumikira monga amalipiritsa utumiki. Monetary seigniorage - ndi ndalama zomwe unagawidwa pakati brassazhem (timbewu) ndi wamphamvu (ang'onoang'ono mbuye).

mapangidwe

Ndalama sanali amasiyana minting wa ndalama zipembedzo zosiyana, koma kulemera fluctuated. Choncho, m'mayiko ena amalipiritsa ndi kadzaganiziridwa malingana ndi phindu mwadzina, kapena kuchuluka kwa kulemera ndi buku la ndalama yomweyo. Tiyeni tione mosamalitsa zimene seigniorage (MIT).

Mawu amenewa anamasuliridwa kuchokera Latin amatanthauza "mbuye", kapena "Mkulu." ndi masamu m'njira zosiyanasiyana mawu a malonda ndi ndalama fiatnyh. Mu nthawi ya amalipiritsa utumiki Philip IV ndi kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wa ndalama ndi siliva, amene ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga awo.

Modern seigniorage - kusiyana pakati pa mtengo nkhani ndi mtengo mwadzina la banknotes watsopano.

A mbiri pang'ono

Zamalamulo Woweruza inaika lamulo, malinga ndi zimene Bank chapakati cha Italy ayenera kukhala kusiyana mu mtengo wa makina ndalama kubwerera nzika za dziko. Kwa zaka 8 ngongole ntchito Zachuma a Bank ku Central m'chaka cha 2003 analipo EUR 5 miliyoni. Koma ndi nthawi iyi mlandu anasamukira ku ulamuliro wa Bank chapakati ku Ulaya. Ndi thandizo la Association of Ogula ADUSBEF polimbana ndi mfundo mu gawo la banki, maloya Bank a ku Central anapempha zochita yapita, akuitana n'kulakwa.

Mwachitsanzo izi ndi zofunika kwambiri. Seigniorage adanyamuka nthawi ang'onoang'ono, koma umagwira lero. Ndipo lero, chifukwa nkhani ya phindu banknotes boma. vuto ndi kuti ndalama nkhani si. Pamene chiwerengero chawo kuposa kuchuluka kwa katundu alipo, pali kuwuka mu mitengo.

Seigniorage ndi msonkho kufufuma

Kuonjezera ndalama okwanira kungakhale, nkhani ya banknotes, kupereka ndalama unachitikira pa gawo ndi kugula nsinga boma. Mu malo okhazikika chuma, nkhani ya banknotes amalenga msonkho kufufuma. Umuna kumachepetsa kufunika wambiri ake katundu ndalama. mitengo kuwombola malamulo ndi boma. pakati umuna mu nkhope ya Bank ku Central wolandira phindu lonse la kuwonjezeka yobweretsa ndalama. Kufufuma msonkho wotchedwa zobisika, chifukwa cha nkhani amakhudza anthu amene satero index ndalama zawo nauyang'anire mu mawonekedwe a madipoziti kubanki.

boma amalandira likulu zina, kuwonjezeka mlingo wa kufufuma. Poyamba America ndipo analenga malo umuna umodzi - Kupeleka. Potsatira kutsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa okhawo anali Great Depression. Today mozama chiwembu imene boma limapeza ndalama ku msika.

Phindu pa ndalama fiatnyh

Ngati ndalama anapangidwa chuma mwini mtengo wa gawo umafunika pali kusiyana pakati pa mtengo mtengo ndipo phindu mwadzina la banknotes (pepala kapena zamagetsi). Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wa ndalama dollar zana ndi 4 masenti, ndi seigniorage adzakhala masenti 9996. Ndipo icho ndi cha zolowa limodzi. Ngati tikambirana chaka chilichonse kwa zaka 10 za moyo wa ndalama anadutsa avareji 4 zolowa, ndalama analandira yofunika kwambiri.

Umuna omwe sanali ndalama limapindula pafupifupi mwathunthu. Choncho, akatswiri ena amanena kuti seigniorage pakompyuta ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kudzikundikira chuma cha m'ma XXI.

Phindu pa nkhani ya zolemba kumawonjezera, ngati ndalama ntchito kunja. Mwachitsanzo, United States amalandira seigniorage kuposa dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi. Dola ntchito mu malonda, kudzikundikira nkhokwe. Mu nkhani iyi, seigniorage - ndi ndalama kwa chuma ndi zina kuti akhoza anapeza chifukwa dziko la nkhokwe mayiko zochepa ndalama za si anthu ndipo ndalama zonse zaboma.

Information za mmene seigniorage ndi boma chinsinsi. Ndipo iye sanali anafotokoza. Seigniorage mu Russia ranges ku 15% ya GDP. Mu Netherlands ndi 0,66%, mu USA - 3%, pamene mu Italy ndi Greece - pa 10%.

Seigniorage - si ndalama, komanso kutaya umuna. Mtengo wa kupanga ndalama chipembedzo yaing'ono nthawi zambiri si ataphimbidwa ndi awo mtengo par. Choncho, ambiri mabanki chapakati musati apereke iwo, kapena panamveka zochepa kwambiri.

ndi seignorage amachita kuti?

Share umafunika si mu manja mseri, ndipo anatumizidwa ku Bank ndi Central. Mu US, zasungidwa magazini ndi kunditumiza ku nkhani ya Reserve Federal, ngakhale boma nthawi ntchito. Part wa phindu (6%) walangizidwa kupereka benefiti, ndi zina ndiye kuti revenues bajeti. Poyerekeza, ndalama payekha BOJ kulandira 4% ya gawo umafunika. Seigniorage mu Russia lagawidwa pawiri. Theka amapita ku boma, ndi gawo lachiwiri la ntchito ndalama zolipirira ndi Bank of Russia.

Mu Russia, monga pempho chikalata banknotes 15 miliyoni ndi ndalama 50 miliyoni. Kuti, ngakhale ndi ziwerengero kwambiri ndiwofatsa la ndalama kuchokera umuna kwambiri. Seigniorage akhoza zimachitika chifukwa pogamula wa kudzipatula ndipo makuponi banknotes okhometsa. Komabe, Eurostat laletsa mayiko eurozone kutumiza gawo umafunika kuchepetsa kuwononga bajeti. Koma m'mayiko ndi hyperinflation M'malo mwake, seigniorage ntchito ngati njira yopezera ndalama.

Pomaliza

Umuna ndalama - n'kwabwino ntchito. Choncho, okhawo ufulu apereke banknotes yekha boma. Popeza kukhazikitsa mfundo imeneyi yakhala Bank ku Central, ndiye analemba zotsatira ndalama ntchito mu muyezo pepala ake mzere. Koma mu Russia afika theka la ndalama kuti bajeti boma.