Pedology - ndi kumvetsa mfundo ...

Pedology - ndi sayansi, kaphatikizidwe ikuyandikira wa mankhwala, zamoyo, pedagogy ndi psycho-njira za kukula kwa mwanayo. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti ali ndi lothandiza amamuonera mtundu wa zamaganizo mwana, konsekonse pedological njira kukopa chisamaliro osati asayansi, komanso kuti anthu kunja kwa dziko sayansi.

nkhani

mbiri Pedology kumayambira West m'zaka 19 mochedwa. zikamera ake kwakukulukulu chinachititsa kuti tima nthambi ntchito ya pedagogy experimental ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Osakaniza njira yomweyo anatomical-thupi ndi kwachilengedwenso zinachitika mu paedology umakaniko. More ndendende, izo malinga ndi kuipidwa, kuphunzira mabuku chitukuko maganizo a ana ndi khalidwe lawo.

Mawu akuti "pedology" anadziwana ndi American sayansi-kafukufuku Krismanom Oscar mu 1853. The tanthauzo Greek ndi kuti "sayansi ya ana" (Pedos - mwana, Logos - sayansi, kuphunzira).

imachokera

Ntchito yoyamba pa pedology zinalembedwa ndi American zamaganizo GS Hall, J .. Baldwin ndi physiologist W. Preyer. Iwo anaima pa chiyambi wa zamaganizo kakulidwe ndi anasonkhanitsa sitolo yaikulu deta wazotsatira pa chitukuko ndi khalidwe la ana. ntchito zawo chosintha m'njira zambiri ndi kupanga maziko a mwana ndi kakulidwe kuwerenga maganizo.

mu Russia

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, latsopano la sayansi panopa atagonjetsa mu Russia (ndiye USSR) ndipo analandira yotsatira woyenera ntchito zamaganizo ndi reflexology VM Spondylitis, zamaganizo AP Nechayev, physiologist E. Moymana pathologists ndi GI Rossolimo. Aliyense wa iwo pamaziko ntchito yawo ndayesera kufotokoza ndi zopanga malamulo kuti akule ndi njira yokonzera ake.

Pedology mu Russia wabweza kuchuluka zothandiza: anatsegula pedological mabungwe ndi "Ana House" (Moscow), chiwerengero cha maphunziro apadera. masukulu imachitika kuyezetsa maganizo, zotsatira amene makalasi zida zinachitika. Kuphunzira kuwerenga maganizo mwana unali olumikizidwa kutsogolera zamaganizo, physiologists, madotolo ndi aphunzitsi a dziko. Zonsezi zinachitika ndi cholinga kuphunzira mabuku chitukuko mwana. Komabe, ntchito yosavuta si ndithu zifukwa njira.

Ndi 20 chaka TH mu Russian pedology - lalikulu gulu sayansi, koma osati sayansi zovuta. Chopunthwitsa chachikulu kaphatikizidwe wa chizindikiritso cha mwana panali kusowa kwa kusanthula kuyambirira njira ya sayansi, amapanga zovuta izi.

zolakwika

Kulakwitsa waukulu pedologists Union tinganene underestimation udindo wa chibadwa mu chitukuko cha ana ndi chikoka awo kutchukitsa umunthu wa chilengedwe chikhalidwe. Mu mbali yothandiza kuti musanyalanyaze ya sayansi monga kalembedwe ka mawu ndi ntchito mayesero nzeru.

Mu 30s ndi zilema zonse pang'onopang'ono kudzudzulidwa ndi pedology Soviet chiyambi cha njira chikhulupiriro ndi waphindu. Komabe, mu 1936 anasanduka "zoyerekeza-sayansi", zokayikitsa andale. The zatsopano chosintha apangidwe, pedological labu kutsekedwa. Kuyesedwa ndi njira yaikulu ya pedological, zinali osatetezeka kuchita maphunziro. Popeza zotsatira ambiri a ana kunapezeka kuti mphatso ansembe, azungu ndi "yoola" anzeru, mmalo mwa proletariat lapansi. Ndipo zinali zosagwirizana ndi malingaliro phwando. Choncho kulera ana kubwerera kwa mitundu ya makolo, zimene zinachititsa kuti stagnation mu dongosolo la maphunziro.

Mfundo za pedology

Development wa pedology mu Russia zidapatsa zotsatira, inakhalapo zoyamba sayansi:

• Pedology - chidziwitso kwathunthu kwa mwanayo. Ku udindo uwu, amaona osati "piecemeal", ndipo ambiri, pa nthawi yofanana ndi chilengedwe cha zamoyo chikhalidwe, maganizo, etc. mbali zonse za kafukufuku wake ndi zogwirizana ndi zapiringizana ndi mzake. Koma izi si jumble deta ndi buku la machitidwe zolondola ongolankhula ndi njira.
• chosaiwalika wina anali pedologists majini mfundo. Iwo mwakhama kuphunzira zamaganizo LS Vygotsky. Pa chitsanzo cha mwana wodzikonda mawu ( "mawu opanda phokoso"), iye anasonyeza kuti sophomoric kapena "akulingalira pansi mpweya wake," ndi gawo loyamba la mawu mkati kapena maganizo a anthu. Mfundo majini umaonetsa kufala kwa mliriwu lapansi.
• Mfundo yachitatu - kuphunzira ubwana - kutsimikizira kuti chilengedwe chikhalidwe ndi moyo zimakhudza kwambiri kakulidwe maganizo a mwanayo ndi anthropomorphic. Choncho, kunyalanyaza kapena stiffness wa maphunziro, kutupikana bwanji maganizo ndi thupi thanzi la mwanayo.
• Mfundo yachinayi tanthauzo yeniyeni ya pedology - kusintha kuchokera ku dziko la mwana kuphunzira kuti musinthe. Pa nkhani imeneyi iwo unalengedwa upo pedological, kukambirana ndi makolo, maganizo matenda a ana.

Pedology - sayansi zovuta, kotero mfundo zake zochokera kuphunzira mabuku a mwanayo. Psychology ndi pedology kale kuzindikiridwa ndi mzake, linanena bungwe lachiwiri la Mauwa. Choncho, kawirikawiri pedology akutumikirabe mbali maganizo.

Popeza 50s ndi lingaliro la pang'ono pedology anayamba kubwerera kwa pedagogy ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Ndipo zaka 20 patapita anayamba yogwira ntchito yophunzitsa pogwiritsa ntchito muyeso kukula m'nzeru ya ana.