Parsuna - ndi wakale ndi pang'ono kuphunzira polemba chinenero cha portraiture

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ayesera kugwila m'dzikoli, maganizo anga. Iyo inali nthawi zina pamaso phanga zojambula anali lidzasinthidwa chithunzi zonse kunachitika. Mu Middle Ages portraiture anasonyeza ambiri mu nkhope chifanizo cha oyera - iconography. Izo zinali kokha kwa zaka za m'ma 16 mochedwa, aluso anayamba kulenga zithunzi za anthu enieni: kanjedza ndale, boma ndi chikhalidwe. Mtundu wa luso amatchedwa "parsuna" (chithunzi cha ntchito anapereka m'munsimu). Mtundu wa chithunzi kupenta anakhala ambiri mu Russian, Chibelarusi ndi Chiyukireniya chikhalidwe.

Parsuna - ndichiyani?

Dzina izi mtundu wa kupenta walandira kuchokera olakwika Latin mawu khalidwe - «adzadziwire». Ndendende nthawi imeneyo otchedwa chithunzi chithunzichi Europe. Parsuna - dzina generic ntchito ya Chirasha, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi portraiture kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16-17th, chomwe chili chizindikiro-kupenta ndi kutanthauzira kuzikwanitsa. Izi ndi oyambirira zakubadwa ndipo wosazindikira polemba chinenero cha portraiture, wamba mu malo Russian. Parsuna - ndi original n'chimodzimodzi ndi lingaliro ano a "chithunzi", kaya njira ndi kalembedwe kulemba nthawi.

Zikamera akuti

Mu 1851 inasindikizidwa kope la "Antiquities wa State Russian" muli mafanizo ambiri. Chigawo chachinai cha bukhu la linapangidwa Snegirevym I. M., amene zoyamba anayesera mwachidule zipangizo zonse zilipo pa mbiriyakale ya chithunzi Russian. Akukhulupirira kuti wolemba woyamba amatchedwa chakuti parsuna amenewa. Komabe, monga akuti sayansi kuti mawu yafalikira yekha mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 pambuyo buku la Ovchinnikova, E. S., "Chithunzicho zaluso Russian za m'ma XVII." Zonse tiwerenga kuti parsuna - ichi oyambirira easel portraiture kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16-17th.

mbali khalidwe la mtundu wanyimbo ndi

Parsuna anatuluka pa nyengo ya kusintha kwa mbiri Russian, pamene dziko akale anali kulandira kusintha, zimene zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa zolinga zatsopano luso. Akukhulupirira kuti ntchito imeneyi luso malangizo analengedwa ndi amisiri wa zankhondo - Ushakovym S. F., Odolska G., Bezminym I. A., Maksimov IV, Choglokovym M. I. ndi ena. Komabe, ntchito izi luso zambiri osati yolembedwa ndi Mlengi wake, kotero kutsimikizira kuti analembedwa ntchito zina sizitheka. Tsiku kulemba ya chithunzi ndi amatiuza kuti kumalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinayendera kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe.

Parsuna - ndi mtundu wanyimbo wa portraiture, amene anauka mchikakamizo cha sukulu European Western. Chikhalidwe ndi kalembedwe kalata kuwapereka kwa mitundu yowala ndi yokongola zokongola, koma kulemekezedwa mwambo iconographic. Cacikulu parsuna sakanikira onse mfundo ndi mawu luso, ndi stylistically. Komabe, zonse Kawirikawiri ntchito utoto mafuta kulenga chithunzi pa chinsalu cha. Chithunzicho chikhalidwe imafalikira makonzedwe kwambiri, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito makhalidwe kapena siginecha imene tingadziwire amene akufotokozedwa.

Monga Lev Lifshits, Ph.D, olemba parsuna kuweruzidwa siziri chimodzimodzi kupereka nkhope kapena maganizo athu a munthu zosonyezedwa, nafunafuna kusunga malamulo omveka chophimba ulaliki wa kanjedza yomwe zizigwirizana udindo kapena udindo zitsanzo - kazembe, kazembe Prince, Ambuye. Kumvetsetsa zimene parsuna, ingoyang'anani pa zithunzi za nthawi.

mitundu

Kuti mwanjira kukonza makope portraiture panthawi imeneyo, otsutsa amakono apeza zotsatirazi siyana parsuna, zochokera ogwira ntchito njira ya kupenta:

- tempera pa bolodi, kumanda zithunzi (Theodore A., Fyodor Ivanovich, Alexei Mikhailovich);

- Image olemekezeka: akalonga, zinduna, atumiki (Lyutkin zomera Repnin, Naryshkin);

- Image Church ufumu (Joachim, Nikon);

- "parsuna" mafano.

"Kwabasi" ( "parsuna") chizindikirochi

mtundu izi zikuphatikiza zithunzi za oyera mtima, amene chithunzicho ntchito utoto mafuta (osachepera zigawo zokongola). The njira ya zithunzi monga pafupi powerenga European. "Parsuna" mafano wa nthawi Transitional wa kupenta. Pali njira ziwiri zofunika chakale kupenta mafuta, ntchito kuimira nkhope za oyera mtima pa nthawi:

- kugwiritsa ntchito chinsalu ndi ntchito malo amdima;

- Ntchito pa maziko matabwa ndi nthaka kuwala.

Dziwani kuti parsuna - izi si bwino kuphunzira polemba chinenero cha chithunzi cha kupenta Russian. Ndipo chikhalidwe adzakhala kutulukira zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mderali.