Mpeni galasi chiphala. Obsidian mpeni

Kuyambira kale, anthu afunafuna atsogolere ntchito yawo kupyolera zosiyanasiyana zipangizo. Chimodzi cha zida loyamba linali mpeni. Malingana ngati anthu samadziwa za chuma chachitsulo kwa kupanga ake miyala ndi obsidian. Mpeni galasi chiphala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ntchito miyambo ndi zoweta osatukuka. Iye sanali chida wothandiza ndi chida ogwira mtima, koma anasonyezanso udindo wa amuna, ankaimira kulimba mtima ndi mphamvu.

obsidian

Natural chiphala galasi, amene aumbike mwa n'kuzizira mofulumira kwambiri chiphalaphala, wotchedwa obsidian. Pali nthano kuti limatiuza za miyala yapadera yomwe woyamba adadza kwa Europe zikomo Roma Obsidia, choncho dzina.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, dzina la mwala amachokera ku mawu achigiriki "obsis", kuti ndi anthu. Amadziwika kuti wakuda obsidian Kuzipeka galasi.

thupi katundu

Pofotokoza thupi katundu wa galasi chiphala onani makhalidwe zotsatirazi:

• mtundu ali ndi dongosolo chachikulu, glasswool kwathunthu ndi microphenocrysts osowa;
• mtundu ndi chitsanzo zimadalira microinclusions mwala magnetite wotumbululuka feldspars, oxides chitsulo, etc.
• chilungamo zimadalira inclusions ndi digiri ake zimasiyanasiyana opaque kuti mandala (kapena translucent);
• variable zikuchokera (osiyanasiyana rhyolite kuti basalt galasi): pakachitsulo woipa - 75%, madzi - zosakwana 1%;
• silky gloss, galasi;
• ostrogranny kink, lalikulu conchoidal;
• palibe pogawanikana pamawere;
• osalimba;
• amorphous.

yonse ya obsidian

Pa zikuchokera obsidian ogaŵikana mitundu isanu chachikulu:

• rhyolite - akuphatikizapo akufanana lubwe;
• gabbro - lili inclusions ndi njere pyroxene;
• porphyry - ofiira owala zosiyanasiyana andesite;
• diorite - zachokera makhiristo wa feldspar, akufanana lubwe;
• ndichiyani - vitreous flaky zosiyanasiyana.

The zikuchokera chiphalaphala kudya ndi chiphala zinthu galasi mapangidwe bwanji mtundu zakuthupi:

• Chipale. Mwa mitundu wokongola kwambiri. Pa ambiri zakuda kapena zofiirira maziko amaonedwa pang'ono amaona woyera mawanga chokhala zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa.
• Rainbow. Iwo Tingaone zigawo bwino distinguishable wabuluu, wofiira, wobiriwira mithunzi. Kutsatizana mitundu makamaka wokongola pa odulidwa. Limatchedwanso ndi pikoko mchira kapena zingwe pausiku.
• Black. Trade dzina mu US - phiri kapena wakuda ndege Nevada diamondi. Iwo ali kwambiri mtundu woyera wakuda.
• Apache misozi. Mtundu wa wakuda obsidian - anamaliza kusankha.
• Black ndi wofiira. Yodziwika ndi alternating mitundu ofiira ndi wakuda. Mutu wachiwiri wa mitundu mkombero - phiri ananyamula.
• Iridescent. Obsidian, podzaza mpweya tomwe splashes madzi, kupereka golide kapena siliva kwenikweni. Nthawi zina pali njira zokongola: buluu buluu, wofiira, wobiriwira, kapena utawaleza.

Mmodzi wa mitundu wokongola kwambiri ngale mthunzi anapeza mu Armenia. Mitundu osowa monga Montana wobiriwira yade, obsidian, aquamarine mandala Kamaoneka ndi mdima wofiirira Stromboli.

gawo

mchere ikupezeka pafupifupi dziko lonse. madipoziti amenewa ali mu USA Mexico, Russia, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy, Iceland, Scotland, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Georgia, Armenia, ndi Ukraine.

mpeni wakale

Mpeni ku nyanga ndi chiphala galasi anali mwambo chinthu, ndipo ntchito mu mwambo wa nsembe ya munthu mwa Aaziteki. Zinali lathyathyathya, pawiri konsekonse, anali tsamba woboola pakati. Buku processing wa anazisiya m'goli, koma sizichepetsa katundu mosavuta ndi bwino kudula thupi.

Kutalika kwa manja akafuna 30 cm ndipo m'lifupi -. 6 masentimita chogwirira, zambiri mwala. Nthawi zina ntchito olimba nkhuni, nyanga kapena nyama mafupa. Crepe tsamba ndi zomatira mwapadera zinachitika mamba ndi mafupa kapena mwa tendons nyama, zomera mphukira. Pali tendons luso reflow.

mankhwala Stone

Asayansi, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti ntchito obsidian unayamba pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, ndipo chifukwa cha katundu zakuthupi:

• cholimba;
• bwino kuti unagawika zigawo;
• mitundu lamamatira pa magawo pachimake.

Ambiri ntchito kupanga zosiyanasiyana kudula ndi kuboola zida: nkhwangwa, mipeni, scrapers, arrowheads, mikondo ndi zina zotero. Zitsulo m'malo obsidian, koma osati mu zikhalidwe zonse. Amwenye a America South ankadziwa ntchito miyala, iwo kwa zaka ntchito mpeni galasi chiphala. Popanda ife sanachite mwambo wa nsembe ndi mtembo. Malinga ndi kukula kwa zida zotere kwambiri kuposa analogues zitsulo.

mipeni chinathandiza kufala ubale malonda pakati pa maiko awiri. Malonda kusamutsidwa zapamwamba, zinthu molemera chokongoletsedwa lonse. Zinali yapamwamba ndi ntchito za luso, akulankhula za udindo ndi chuma cha m'banja.

Kuwonjezera zida lopangidwa ndi zodzikongoletsera obsidian, kalirole, katundu wa m'nyumba.

mipeni

Kufikira tsopano, mpeni obsidian wapeza connoisseur ake. zamakono amapereka wapadera kwambiri zipangizo khalidwe kupanga ziwiya za m'nyumba, kuphatikizapo kudula zipangizo. Koma zachilengedwe galasi chosaneneka kukongola.

Mpeni galasi chiphala amapangidwa kugwilizana ndi njira yakale. Gwiritsani ntchito zipangizo zoyenerera ndi zida. mipeni onsewa masiku ano m'magulu atatu:

1. Choyamba ndi alendo. Ngakhale mankhwala ngati n'zotheka ntchito. Iwo amasangalala kugula asodzi ndi alenje. Pa kutentha boma ziro yonyowa zida akuyamba amaundana kwa tsamba zitsulo. Mpeni galasi chiphala alibe drawback izi Komanso, zikunenedwa bwino kudula, osati blunts ndi chisoni chokha mu mwambo kusokonezeka. kuphatikiza wina ndi kuti zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo mipeni. Alendo ndalama ranges 20 mpaka 100 madola US
2. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo mipeni monga zodzikongoletsera. luso wakale si nthawi yabwino, kotero nthawi zambiri kusintha. Miyeso ya masamba zimadalira zofuna za makasitomala. Chokongoletsedwa chogwirira kotero artsy kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ngati sangathe. Kwa kupanga miyala asankhidwa ndi yamawangamawanga zosiyanasiyana - bwino maonekedwe a zida, koma amachepetsa khalidwe la tsamba. Kodi ndindalama mpeni galasi chiphala, Mzimuyo mwini. Izi zidalira pa zovuta kupanga ndi mtengo wa mfundo zokongoletsa.
3. Gulu lachitatu zikuphatikizapo zinthu zinalengedwa mwa zamakono. Galasi kupukuta zimaphwanya chida khalidwe zisamayoyoke, tsamba itsekeke pang'ono, chifukwa amene khalidwe la masamba akuvutika. Pakakhala ngati chitsanzo yabwino kwambiri ndi othandiza kuposa Anzawo miyala yamtengo wapatali, koma chifukwa cha fragility la tsamba zambiri kachikumbutso kuposa chida.

ntchito masiku ano

Modern zamankhwala zimathandiza madokotala kuti achite opaleshoni wosakhwima (pulasitiki opaleshoni, pochiza matenda a maso). Nanotechnologies kugwiritsa ntchito masamba woonda kwambiri. Pakali pano, zolinga izi ankagwiritsa ntchito mpeni galasi chiphala. Mtengo wa scalpel choyambirira ranges kuchokera $ 60-100. Izo zimatengera ovuta tsamba. Nsonga ya tsamba, kapena kani, kudula ake m'mphepete akhoza kukhala wochepa thupi ngati 0,02 micron. Woonda odulidwa omangika msanga.

Kumene, umisiri wamakono kulola kuti apange zipangizo zina wochenjera kudula. Diamondi scalpels ndi makulidwe a 0,003 micron, ali cholimba ndi wamphamvu kuposa obsidian. Koma mitengo mkulu zikwi limodzi kapena angapo madola musati zimathandiza kuti yogawa awo lonse.

Kutulutsa scalpel chogwirira chonchi mitengo yolimba zambiri mapulo. Ndi tsamba epoxy Ufumuyo thereto. Izi njira kupanga amalola poyera chida kutenthetsa mankhwala mu autoclave, popanda kuwonongeka.

scalpel A chingathe kupirira kwa ntchito 20. The drawback ndi fragility la tsamba - ndi kuthamanga lateral chimandiswa. Chinthu china: palibe awiri zida zofanana. Buku kupanga salola kuchita chimodzimodzi yofanana ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba.

Pamafunika chida amenewa, ndi kuphika. Masiku ano, ophika m'manja mwa osati mipeni zitsulo. Ponseponse mbiya. Mipeni (Chinese, German, Japanese) kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi yodalirika akatswiri chida. Malinga ndi makhalidwe thupi iwo amafanana ndi masamba obsidian.

luso opanga

Mpeni kupanga kwa galasi chiphala ikuchitika mu magawo atatu:

1. Processing preform drummer. The workpiece yokha ayenera kukhala kawiri kuti chida chanucho. Amphamvu ndi yeniyeni nkhonya pa 90 ^mpaka unagawanika zakuthupi kuti apange lathyathyathya pamwamba. m'mphepete ndi lakuthwa, akhoza kudula.
2. Kuti tsamba la ena spall mawonekedwe muyenera azichitira pang'ono. Pakuti fupa izi molimba kwambiri kapena matabwa ayenera kukhala "podstrugat" tsamba. Ntchito imeneyi imafunanso kuleza mtima, nthawi ndi olondola.
3. Akukuta masamba sangathenso njira. Mu "Chipala" kufala kotekisi (kapena cushioning zinthu zina), izo aikidwa pa mpeni wakuthwa ndi ndodo kapena fupa tchipisi flakes molondola chabwino (ndi mbali pansi). Choncho akagawire mawonekedwe mosabisa ndi kupereka mpeni wake sharpness.

chogwirira wopangidwa ndi nyanga kapena mtengo. tsamba yaikidwa pa zomatira, mukhoza kukonza ndi thandizo la tendons kapena zomangira woonda. Chotero chida angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudula chingwe, kapena kuchotsa masewera khungu.

Master ndi mipeni wake

Jeff Hall (Dzheff Holl) - mmodzi wa ambuye wotchuka, amene ngati chuma kupanga mpeni ntchito chiphala galasi. Iye amakhala ndi ntchito mu United States (Washington). Apa momwe pofotokoza mfiti:

• Tsamba ali wofatsa translucent imvi. chogwirira wopangidwa ndi nyanga American mphalapala chinjoka woboola pakati claw. Utali - 20 cm.
• Tsamba anasankha obsidian ndi utsi, wakuda ndi wofiira mitsempha. Pa njira zina tsamba amapeza chagolide Sheen. chogwirira wapangidwa chimodzimodzi chitsanzo choyamba. Utali - 17,8 cm.
• Tsamba zopangidwa wakuda chiphala galasi (ncho ku Northern California). Mwapadera kukonzedwa ndi opukutidwa chogwirira zopangidwa nkhadze Jeolla. Utali - 16,5sm.

Mwamtheradi mankhwala onse Hall anapatsidwa zikalata lodalirika.

Pali wina m'malo otchuka Obsidian mpeni amatchedwa "Mtima wa Pele." Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha mwambo mwambo wa zida za Amwenye zamakolo of America South.

Amgwirizano triangular tsamba ndi mapeto lakuthwa amamangiriridwa ku kaso yokhota kumapeto chogwiririra ndi mtengo. Tsamba zopangidwa mandala obsidian utoto wakuda liniya kukupatsidwa mimba. Utali - 22,5 masentimita, m'lifupi - 3 cm; kulemera - magalamu 80. A chitsanzo chabwino cha ntchito buku angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chinthu mwambo, ndipo zimabweretsa zokongoletsa.

mipeni Chinese galasi chiphala chamoto, mu wambirimbiri anapereka kwa alendo. Iwo sali ngati woyengeka monga makope mwambo zopangidwa mabwana, koma Komabe, akhoza kukhala ndi mphatso yaikulu kwa munthu.

ubwino

Tsamba Obsidian ali katundu bwino kudula kuposa chitsulo. Izo sikutanthauza chisamaliro zapadera. Zilibe osokoneza, osati atengeke kudzitsitsa mu utumiki. Zilibe kudetsa kapena kutaya mtundu zachilengedwe ndi mapeto.

Komanso zolinga zothandiza ngati mpeni angathe kutumikira monga mphatso zabwino, kukongoletsa amafotokozera, ntchito ngati chinthu mwambo.

zolakwa

Zonsezi galasi chiphala ndi osalimba kwambiri. amadza kapena mbali iliyonse kuthamanga kungawononge kwa tsamba. tsamba sangakhoze pansi hypothermia kapena kutentha. Koma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mpeni angathe kutumikira kwa zaka zambiri popanda kutaya luso mwangwiro kudula.