Mobisa Paris. Mphanga ya Paris: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi ndemanga mlendo

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mzinda kwambiri chikondi ndi ndakatulo European - Paris. Mphanga - osati wotchuka kwambiri ndipo anthu ambiri m'Matchalitchi wake, koma mbali yaing'ono chabe ya chachikulu mayenje a mdima Mipikisano mlingo motsatizana makilomita oposa 300 pansi.

Nkhani ya

Kale pa malo likulu France masiku linaikidwa kuthetsa Roma - Lutetia. Pakuti pomanga akuti, mabwalo masewera ndi kulenga ziboliboli, lomwe masiku ano kotala Latin ndi Ile de A La anatchula, anayamba kuchotsa anajambulapo m'dera ndi gypsum, ndipo pamene panali woyamba miyala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Roma Lutetia Paris anatembenukira kwa French, ku mzinda likukulirakulira zofunika zomangira zambiri. The miyala sikuti kuwonjezera, komanso kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma XII, mmodzi wa zinthu za chitukuko zachuma French wakhala kupanga laimu ndi gypsum. Ndi XV quarries centennial akhala awiri mlingo, ndi pafupi ndi khomo lotulukira anakonza wapadera, wokonzeka ndi zingwe zitsime kuukitsa padziko midadada yaikulu mwala. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XVII, zopezera una wa mobisa ndi mabomba ili pansi pa misewu onse Paris. Pafupifupi mudzi wonse, "analenjekeka" pa opangidwa analenga opanda kanthu.

Vuto ndi Anakonza

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII panali kuopseza kugwa ndipo adasiya pansi m'misewu ambiri Parisian. Ndipo pambuyo 1774 munagwa - dzenje 30-mita anakomoka mbali ya msewu d'Enfer ndi nyumba, anthu ndi ngolo - dongosolo la mfumu ya France, Louis XVI, bungwe lapadera unakhazikitsidwa - General Inspectorate wa quarries ndi, alipo ndipo ntchito lero. wogwira ntchito ndi udindo mkhalidwe umene pali mphanga pansi Paris, kulimbitsa ndi kukonza ngalande mobisa. Ngakhale zinthu zonse watenga chiopsezo kuukira awasungira monga pansi kuyesedwa kulimbitsa patsinde ndi mapanga.

mbiri ya makono

Othandiza French ntchito mapanga kulima bowa, kusunga vinyo, ndi mapulogalamu ena. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene asilikali a ku Germany linalanda Paris, mphanga mobisa ankachitiramo Ankhondo a French fundo ndi Nazi. Mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza, kupeza ufulu ngalande za mobisa ndikoletsedwa, koma katafily - mobisa Parisian moyo okonda - ndipo tsopano amatha kupita mu mphanga, kumene iwo amathera gulu zithunzi utoto ndi kukhala zinthu zina luso.

Ovomerezeka ndi lotseguka kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a mobisa Paris - Metro ndi yaikulu zinayi nkhani m'sitolo, "Forum", ili pansi lalikulu, komwe poyamba anali anafotokoza Emilem Zolya msika - "mimba ya Paris".

Paris yapansi

Metro wa Paris ndi umodzi wa yakale kwambiri mu dziko - iwo ali oposa zaka mazana. njira zake imachitika mogwirizana ndi mizere ya sitima ya magetsi, ndipo wapangidwa ndi mizere zoposa 14 siteshoni 400, sing'anga ndi zofunda chabwino chikugwirizana ndime kumulowetsa anamangidwa pa malo mphanga wakale wa Paris. The Paris Metro chosiyana ndi kununkhira zina zonse zosangalatsa. lobbies apansi mwezi kuphimba wapadera nkhalango phula yafungo komanso madambo.

Kodi ndingafike iwo?

Ambiri mwa malo amasangalala ntchito Paris yapansi lofedwa.Ndivomereze chimphona mobisa shopu "Forum" koma si onse akuyenda padziko France akufuna kupita ku mphanga wakale wa Paris. Ulendowu kwa dziko mobisa likulu French - ndi chochitika, monga mawu ukupita, "ndi ankachita masewera". Komabe, iwo akhoza kulowamo kupyolera hema wapadera, nyumba miyambo yakale, imene inali pafupi ndi Denfert-Rochereau siteshoni okwerera sitima (Denfert-Rochereau). Alendo anatsegula za 2.5 makilomita ngalande ndi m'mapanga mobisa. Pa dera la malo ena kuti ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo, wapadera apolisi timu ndikulondera mu mphanga za m'nthaka, kuwunika kukhazikitsa.

losungiramo

French necropolis mobisa ili pansi pa misewu chi Parisian ngati Avenue, akhoza, d'Alembert ndi Avenue René-Coty, ndipo ambiri mwa anthu amene akuyenda pa iwo, simuli ngakhale amadziŵa zimene zili pansi. nkhope yake zakuda ndi mphanga ya Paris. History mabokosi osungiramo mafupa, kapena mawu ena, ndi manda mobisa, inayamba mu 1780, pambuyo mzinda yamalamulo analetsa kuikidwa mu mzindawu. Zotsalira za anthu oposa mamiliyoni awiri, yaikulu malo okhalamo kale mu manda Parisian ya osalakwa, anachotsedwa, kupopera mankhwala, kukonzedwa ndi odzaza kuti akuya pa 17 mamita mu anasiya quarries kumasiye-Issoire. Choncho Paris linayeretsedwa manda. Mphanga anakhala malo yoti anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu. Mu 1876, Paris Bokosilo unakhazikitsidwa, wopangidwa tambirimbiri zozungulira okwana kutalika kwa pafupifupi 800 meters. Yake yamakono tione Parisian mphanga anapeza pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX: makonde molunjika wodzazidwa ndi zigaza ndi mafupa. M'manda oyambirira omwe analembedwa nthawi ya Merovingian, zaka zoposa 1,000, ndi zaposachedwapa inachitika pa French kuukira boma.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Kamodzi Paris, ndi mphanga ndi Bokosilo ndi wokwanira ulendo kuti pa "Mosiyana" pakati pa moyo ndi imfa kukongola ndi chibwenzi likulu French. Kuti alowe necropolis udzasowa kuti upite kutsika masitepe 130 kwa yopapatiza zitsulo mwauzimu staircase. Amene amadwala claustrophobia, mtima aakulu, mitsempha ndi matenda a m'mapapo, ndi bwino kupita pa ulendo woterewu, kuti asaphe thanzi lawo.

Kuwonjezera zotsalira anthu zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo khoma, pa akuya pafupifupi 20 mamita Tingaone anaika mu wanga kupereka atsopano guwa mpweya, ziboliboli, zipilala ndiponso ziboliboli kuti chokongoletsedwa m'manda a kalelo. Pafupifupi gawo ikusonyezedwa gravestones, limene tsiku reburial mtembo, komanso ngati mpingo ndi manda ambiri. Mu umodzi tambirimbiri munakwanisa kuona bwino, kale ntchito migodi miyala yomwe inamangidwa ku Paris. Mphanga, kapena kani, kudenga ndi makoma tambirimbiri izi mobisa, "chokongoletsedwa" asiyanitse pamodzi mafupa ndi zigaza za akufa. Mu mzinda uwu wa mdima, monga French akudzipeza okha akuitanidwira ku Necropolis, zotsalira za wotchuka pa anthu nthawi ngati Blez Paskal ndi Fouquet, Marat ndi Lavoisier, ndi Robespierre Sharl Perro, Rabelais ndi Danton.

Reviews

Lero, apaulendo afuna kukaona mphanga (Paris, France) zitha kuyenda mbiri osati kupita kumabungwe omwe muli manda. Chosema una wa mobisa sabala kuganiza wapadera - hallways bwino anayatsa ndi m'madera ena anapeza osonyeza mayina a misewu, yomwe ili pamwamba. Koma losungiramo Bone kosunga, zimakhudza anthu ambiri osati kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mafupa monga dongosolo zosiyanasiyana ndipo anapeza wokometsedwa zigaza ukapolo mu mawonekedwe a "nyumba", "migolo" kapena kachisi. Ngakhale chizindikiro chenjezo pakhomo: "Lekani! Apa chigawo cha imfa! "A wapadera mantha palibe mayesero ndi apaulendo yake kuti Palermo mphanga ya Capuchins kubala kumafooketsa. Ngakhale oterowo nambala yaikulu zigaza munthu ndi mafupa si monga zidzasintha ngati Mitembo yokhala Italy anapulumutsidwa. Ngakhale kuti chiletso okhwima ngakhale bzace, alendo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kutenga mu dzanja ndi kupanga selfie ndi zotsalira za.