Lotha kuzindikira limagwirira. Maganizo a mwamuna. kuzindikira chikhalidwe

Kudziŵa munthu wina ndi mzake nthawi zonse limodzi ndi ziyenera maganizo a mnzake, ndi kufuna kudziwa zochita zake, kusintha Mapa m'makhalidwe ake ndi kumutsatira khalidwe lawo. Popeza ndondomeko iyi ikukhudza anthu osachepera awiri ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi ophunzira yogwira ntchito yomanga lililonse strategy chinkhoswe ayenera kuganizira osati zolinga ndi zofuna za ena, komanso kumvetsa kwake kwa zolinga ndi zofuna za mnzake wa. The ndondomeko nzeru lotha amatchedwanso kuzindikira chikhalidwe.

lotha kuzindikira njira - njira imene munthu akumasulira ndipo amayankha onse. Njirazi kungakhale ndithu kwambiri. Today ife kuyang'ana njira zofunika lotha kuzindikira: chizindikiritso, chifundo, wodzikonda, zoseketsa kukopeka, kusinkhasinkha, stereotype ndi causal Attribution.

Chiphaso

Limagwirira woyamba ndi waukulu nzeru lotha ndi chizindikiritso cha munthu. Kuchokera kaonedwe ka zamaganizo zinthu, zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti chophweka njira kumvetsa bwenzi ali kudzifanizira ndi izo.

Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiritso cha nambala kukankhira:

1. Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi munthu wina, zochokera mogwirizana ndi maganizo.
2. Kuwaphunzitsa mfundo magwiridwe ndi makhalidwe abwino a munthu wina.
3. Koperani, za mumtima kapena zochita za anthu ena.

The tanthauzo zambiri zokhudza chizindikiritso ili. Chiphaso - ndiko luntha la okondedwa mwa chizindikiritso wake sadziwa kapena atakomoka ndi izo, kuyesera kumva chikhalidwe chake, maganizo ndi mtima kuti dziko, nokha mu malo ake.

chifundo

Limagwirira chachiwiri nzeru lotha ndi yogwirizana woyamba. Chisoni otchedwa chilakolako maganizo kuyankha mumandizunza mavuto ena anthu, kumumvera chisoni ndi chisoni.

Komanso, chifundo kutanthauziridwa monga:

1. Kumvetsa boma la munthu wina.
2. Zamatsenga ndondomeko umalimbana akudzizindikiritsa zokumana nazo zakunja.
3. Action kuti amathandiza munthu kumanga mgonero m'njira yapadera.
4. Luso kudutsa mu maganizo a munthu wina.

Luso Chisoni ukuwonjezeka pa nkhani ya mabwanawe kufanana, ndipo pamene kupeza ndi zokumana payekha. Chifundo apamwamba kwambiri zokongola munthu zimakhudza zinthu zofanana m'miyoyo ya anthu osiyana, ndi zambiri iye amadziwa kuti kuli maganizo pa moyo.

Munthu, sachedwa chifundo, mungazipeze pa malo amenewa:

1. Kulekerera kwa maganizo a anthu ena.
2. Luso kudutsa mu dziko lamkati la interlocutor, popanda kuwulula worldview wake.
3. Kusinthasintha maganizo ake a dziko maganizo a wina wa dziko kukwaniritsa kumvana.

Kufanana wachifundo ndi chizindikiritso cha

Mu chisoni limagwirira ali zina zofanana ndi limagwirira chizindikiritso. Nthawi zonse pali kuthekera munthu kuyang'ana zinthu pa kaonedwe ka munthu wina. Komabe, chifundo, mosiyana ndi chizindikiritso sinafike kudziwa yekha ndi interlocutor wake. Anazitchula kumupatsa munthu wapatuka chitsanzo wake khalidwe ndi inamangidwa chimodzimodzi. Kusonyeza chisoni chomwecho, munthu chabe amaganizira khalidwe la mzere gwero, pamene mukupitiriza kumanga makhalidwe awo paokha.

Chisoni ndi chimodzi cha luso zofunika kwambiri katswiri wa zamaganizo, dokotala, mphunzitsi ndi kalozera. Empathic tcheru (kumvetsera), malinga ndi Rogers, ndi maganizo wapadera kwa bwenzi la lagona pa kaphatikizidwe wa chizindikiritso ndi chisoni. Mupezeke winayo, amene amalola kuti apindule ndi kukhudzana lotseguka - chizindikiritso ntchito. Izi "kumizidwa mu interlocutor" mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ali zotsatira zoipa - wowerenga maganizo, 'chimamanga "mavuto makasitomala ndi kuyamba kupweteka mavuto ake. Apa amathandiza empathic chigawo chimodzi - luso kusunga patali kwa bwenzi boma. Choncho, gulu la asilikali monga chizindikiritso cha munthu ndi chisoni chimathandiza zamaganizo yolimbikitsira weniweni makasitomala.

mafomu chifundo

zokumana Empathic zingakhale bwino ndipo kuchepa. Mwachitsanzo, mu umodzi chisoni wina ndi chisoni, ndi zina - chimwemwe.

Komanso, chifundo zikhoza kukhala:

1. Maganizo. Potengera limagwirira wa ziyerekezo ndi onyenga ogwira ndi galimoto Zimene interlocutor lapansi.
2. Chidziwitso. Kuchokera pa njira wanzeru.
3. Predicative. Izi zimaonetsera mphamvu za munthu kulosera za zochita za interlocutor mu nkhani iliyonse.

Njira yofunika wachifundo amachita wachifundo - zinachitikira chimodzi maganizo munthu, maganizo ndi limanena kuti timavutika ena. Izi zimachitika kudzera chizindikiritso ndi munthu ndi chisoni chake.

egocentrism

Limagwirira lachitatu nzeru lotha, mosiyana ndi m'mbuyomo awiri, complicates chidziwitso cha anthu ndi mzake, osati atsogolere izo. Egocentrism - zofunika pa munthu zinakuchitikirani zawo ndi zinthu, imbaenda chakuti amalakatika kutha kumvetsa anthu ndi worldview osiyana.

Egocentrism ndi:

1. Nkhani. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu ndondomeko maganizo ndi kuzindikira.
2. Moral. Chikusonyeza kulephera kwa munthu kumvetsa chifukwa khalidwe la anthu ena.
3. Wochezeka. Izo zinawonetsera kunyozera mfundo zamalankhulidwe wa interlocutor lapansi.

lotha kukopa

Kukopa - ndi kukoka kapena kukopa kwa munthu wina ndi mzake chifukwa iwonso ali nayo chidwi. The zamaganizo kukopeka lotha ndi ubwenzi pakati pa anthu ndi mawu a chisoni kwa wina ndi mzake. Development za ubwenzi wa gulu wina ndi mzake kumachitika monga chotsatira cha ubale maganizo anu, kufufuza zomwe zimayambitsa osiyanasiyana maganizo ndipo anasonyeza kuti malo ena kuti munthu wina.

chinyezimiro

Poganizira njira maganizo nzeru lotha, osanenapo kunyezimira. Poganizira amatchedwa chikumbumtima munthu wa kafukufuku wake nazindikira anthu ena. Kuti ndi chifaniziro cha munthu za maganizo za iye anati. Izi mchitidwe cognition chikhalidwe, pa dzanja limodzi, njira ya nzeru ya interlocutor mwa zimene iye akuganiza za izo, koma ena - kudziona chidziwitso mu izo. Choncho, onse osiyanasiyana kulankhulana munthu, maganizo zambiri za mmene anthu ena amaona, ndi zambiri munthu amadziwa za yekha ndi ena.

stereotype

Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ndiponso womvera kwambiri nzeru lotha. Stereotype kulingana ndi kukopa lotha - ndondomeko kupanga maganizo munthuyo zochokera tsankho munthu (olakwika).

Mu chaka cha 1922, kutanthauza zithunzi kugwirizana ndi inaccuracy ndi chinyengo, V. Limpan anayambitsa mawu monga "stereotype anthu." Monga ulamuliro, mapangidwe dongosolo khola la chinthu chikhalidwe chimaonekera ngakhale kwa munthuyo.

Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa olakwika osauka kumvetsa mbe mu mawonekedwe a mfundo khola anapezanso mphamvu pa anthu. Stereotype ikutuluka mawu a kusowa mfundo kapena chifukwa cha generalization wa chondichitikira wa munthu. Bonasi kawirikawiri anawonjezera kuti zimene timaphunzira ku kokaonera mafilimu, mabuku ndi zina.

Chifukwa stereotype wa munthu mwamsanga ndipo kawirikawiri odalirika, wosafuna malo ochezera, kudzapereka mu mfundo zina ndi magulu, kuti kwambiri kumvetsa komanso m'tsogolo. Chidziwitso chifukwa cha njira molakwa kupanga monga chiletso, kusankha ndi categorization akulowera lalikulu mudziwe chikhalidwe. Ponena za maziko angalimbikitsire wa limagwirira ichi, aumbike mwa njira ya kuwerengera mokomera Kukwezeleza gulu linalake, omwe akutipatsa anthu kukhala angaloledwe ndi chitetezo.

Ntchito stereotype:

1. Kuswana zambiri.
2. Mapangidwe ndi kuthandiza chithunzi zabwino "Ine".
3. Chilengedwe ndi mchirikizo wa gulu mfundo kulungamitsa ndi kufotokoza khalidwe la gululo.
4. Mapangidwe ndi kuthandiza chithunzi zabwino "ife".

Choncho, olakwika ndi owongolera ubale chikhalidwe. mbali yaikulu ndi: chuma cha ganizo, mundikhululukire awo khalidwe, kukhutitsidwa, zizolowezi aukali, kukana ndi voteji linanena bungwe la gulu.

gulu la olakwika pa

Pali zingapo amene ali malo kukhala gulu la olakwika. Malinga ndi gulu la V. Panferova, olakwika ndi: chikhalidwe, anthropological ndi ethno-dziko.

Kupenda mosamalitsa gulu la Rean, chimene olakwika ndi:

1. Anthropological. Kumachitika pamene ziyenera a makhalidwe maganizo a munthu ndi khalidwe lake zimadalira maonekedwe a maonekedwe, mwachitsanzo anthropological makhalidwe.
2. Ethno-dziko. Okhudzidwa choncho kumene ziyenera maganizo a anthu mphamvu zake za thupi ina yosiyanasiyana gulu, mtundu kapena fuko.
3. Social ndi udindo. Ndi malo kukhala ngati adziwe munthu wa makhalidwe zimachitika malinga udindo wawo.
4. Social ndi udindo kusewera. Pankhaniyi, wounikira wa munthu phunziro kwa udindo wa chitukuko ndi udindo ndi ntchito za munthu.
5. Limaonetseratu ndi zokongoletsa. Psychological ziyenera a umunthu ndi mkhalapakati ndi anthu zithunzi pempho.
6. Wapakamwa ndi khalidwe. Muyeso kwa ziyenera a umunthu ndi maonekedwe ake kunja: Kuyesezera, pantomime, chilankhulo ndi zina zotero.

Pali classifications ena. Mwa iwo, kuwonjezera pa anthu yapita, amaonedwa olakwika ngati: katswiri (generic chithunzi woimira ukachenjede), physiognomic (kunja mbali kugwirizana munthu), mitundu ndi zina.

Kwambiri kuphunzira amaonedwa olakwika dziko. Iwo timvetse mmene anthu magulu osiyanasiyana. olakwika otere nthawi zambiri gawo la mtima wa mtundu ndi abwino ake, ndipo ndi kugwirizana bwino ndi khalidwe la dziko.

The chifukwa chosowa mfundo mawu molakwa, monga limagwirira nzeru lotha, akhoza kuchita ndiwofatsa komanso ngakhale reactionary udindo, kutchukitsa anthu molakwika ena, ndipo deforming njira ya mogwirizana lotha ndi kumvana. Choncho, kudziwa choonadi kapena Bodza la olakwika chikhalidwe funika mwangwiro zochokera kusanthula zinthu zenizeni.

causal Attribution

Poganizira njira nzeru chikhalidwe, sitiyenera kunyalanyaza ngati chinthu chosangalatsa, monga Attribution causal. Kusadziwa kapena akapanda kuzindikira zolinga woona wa munthu wina, anthu kupeza okha ndi kuchepekedwa tingayambe amanena kuti iye zifukwa khalidwe onyenga. Mu Social Psychology, zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "causal Attribution".

Kuganizira mmene anthu kumasulira khalidwe la anthu ena, asayansi anatulukira otchedwa lofunika Attribution zolakwa. Ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu Musaone mtengo wa makhalidwe ena umunthu ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira za vutolo. Akatswiri ena apeza chodabwitsa cha "odzikonda Attribution." Bukuli lili ndi luso la anthu imadzipatsa bwino, ndi ena - kulephera.

G. Kelly kuzindikiridwa mitundu itatu Attribution:

1. Umunthu. Chifukwa chake zimachitika munthu amene anachita mchitidwewo.
2. Cholinga. Chifukwa chake amati ndi chinthu chimene kanthu imatsogoleredwa.
3. zinthu Attribution-zokhudzana. Chifukwa chake zimachitika zochitika zimene zikuchitika.

Akuona zambiri amachita Attribution munthu, ndi wophunzira yemwe zambiri analemba kutali zinthu zonse. Mbali imeneyi ndi bwino kuonekera Attribution cha kupambana ndi kulephera.

An nkhani zofunika kuganizira za Attribution causal ndi nkhani yoika ndondomeko pansiyi wa maganizo a anthu wa munthu, makamaka mu mapangidwe osadziwika zidindo munthu. Izi zidavumbulutsidwa A. Bodylevym kuyesa mu magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu anasonyeza chithunzi cha munthu yemweyo, m'munsili anachitapo "wolemba" mtundu, "Hero", "zigawenga", ndi zina zotero. Pamene kuwombera unsembe zithunzi wapakamwa wa munthu yemweyo osiyana. Kwavumbulutsidwa kuti pali anthu Osamva molakwa. Iwo amatchedwa kusankha stereotyped. The njira nzeru chikhalidwe, tsopano mwachidule kulankhula za zotsatira zake.

Zotsatira za maganizo lotha

Zotsatira za maganizo lotha nthawi zonse anapanga pamaziko a olakwika.

Nthawi zambiri mavuto atatu:

1. Halo kwenikweni. Kulankhula pamene munthu wina Apatu ndi pachilichonse za chizindikiro cha wina, posamutsa kuganiza (yabwino kapena ayi) kwa mmodzi mwa makhalidwe ena onse. Pa mapangidwe koyamba, ndi kampira zotsatira kumachitika pamene chonse zabwino kuona munthu akutitsogolera kuti aziona zabwino makhalidwe ake onse, ndi mosemphanitsa.
2. Mmene ulamuliro. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu wounikira a mlendo. Choyenera mbali iyi kusewera mfundo zimene waperekedwa kale.
3. Zotsatira za zachilendo. Amenewa nzeru lotha chimachita aziona mnzake wina, pamene mauthenga atsopano za izo zimakhala zofunika kwambiri.

Mapangidwe zithunzi za interlocutor nthawizonse umayamba ndi kuwerengetsa ndi maganizo a maonekedwe ake, maonekedwe ndi khalidwe. M'tsogolo, mudziwe maziko nzeru ndi luntha la munthu. Iwo amadalira zifukwa zingapo: makhalidwe munthu wa munthu, msinkhu wake chikhalidwe, zinachitikira ake chikhalidwe, zokonda zokongoletsa, ndi zina zotero. Nkhani ndi makhalidwe m'badwo wa munthu amene walandira.

Mwachitsanzo, mwana amene anayamba kupita ku sukulu ya mkaka, pochita zinthu ndi anthu zochokera lingaliro koyamba, ndipo iye anapanga mu kulankhulana ndi makolo. Malinga ndi mmene mwanayo anali asapita kale, Kumaonetsa irritability, kusadalira, kumvera, kugwilizana kapena kuuma.

Pomaliza

Mwachidule pamwamba, tisaiwale kuti makinawa nzeru lotha njira ya kutanthauzira ndi kufufuza munthu ndi mzake. The akuluakulu ndi: chizindikiritso, chifundo, wodzikonda, kukopeka, kusinkhasinkha, stereotype, ndi causal Attribution. zimagwirira osiyana ndi mitundu nzeru lotha, amakonda kugwira ntchito tandem, complementing mzake.