Kupereka kwadzidzidzi mu kompyuta: zitsanzo za ntchito

Ngati munthu amaphunzira zamakono zamakinalale osagwira ntchito, koma mozama, ayenera kudziwa za mtundu wa chidziwitso chomwe chilipo pa kompyuta. Magaziniyi ndi imodzi mwazofunikira, chifukwa chakuti sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pulogalamu ndi machitidwe, komabe pulogalamu yokhayo ikugwirizana ndi izi.

PHUNZIRO "Kuwonetsera kwadzidzidzi mu kompyuta": zofunikira

Kawirikawiri, njira yamakompyuta momwe imadziwira zamalangizo kapena maulamuliro, imatembenuza kuti ikhale mawonekedwe a fayilo ndipo imapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zowonongeka, mosiyana ndi malingaliro omwe amavomereza.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti zonse zomwe zilipo zimachokera pa ogwira ntchito awiri okha - "zoona" ndi "zabodza" (zoona, zabodza). Mwachidule, iyi ndi "inde" kapena "ayi."

N'zoonekeratu kuti mawu opanga makompyuta sakudziwa, chotero, kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko cha makompyuta a makompyuta, dongosolo lapadera la digito lokhala ndi dongosolo lovomerezeka linalengedwa, momwe chigawocho chimagwirizana ndi chiganizo, ndi zero kuzinyoza. Izi ndi momwe zidawomwe zimatchulidwira zowonongeka pa kompyuta zikuwonekera. Malinga ndi zero ndi zina, kukula kwake kwa chinthu chodziwikiratu chinatsimikiziranso .

Chilinganizo chochepa kwambiri cha kukula kwa mtundu uwu ndi pang'ono chabe chomwe chingakhale 0 kapena 1. Koma makonzedwe amakono omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ang'onoang'ono samagwira ntchito, ndipo pafupifupi njira zonse zoperekera chidziwitso pamakompyuta amachepetsedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mabedi asanu ndi limodzi palimodzi, Pangani mphindi (2 mpaka 8). Choncho, mwachiwonongeko chimodzi, mukhoza kutsegula munthu aliyense kuchokera pa 256 zotheka. Ndipo ndilo kachidindo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala maziko a chidziwitso chilichonse. Zidzakhalanso zomveka bwino momwe zikuwonekera.

Informatics: kufotokozera uthenga pa kompyuta. Nambala zosasintha

Popeza kuti poyamba poyamba kunabwera manambala, tiyeni tione momwe dongosolo limadziwira. Kuyimira chidziwitso cha chiwerengero pamakompyuta lerolino kungathe kugawanika kukhala nambala yosinthidwa ndi mfundo yokhazikika. Mtundu woyamba ungaphatikizepo intela zambiri, zomwe zili ndi zero pambuyo pa comma.

Zimakhulupirira kuti ziwerengero za mtundu umenewu zingakhale ndi 1, 2 kapena 4 bytes. Chomwe chimatchedwa main byte ndi udindo wa chizindikiro cha nambala, ndi zero kwa chizindikiro chabwino, ndi chimodzi cha cholakwika. Choncho, mwa maimidwe awiri-byte, miyeso yambiri ya nambala zabwino ndi yochokera ku 0 mpaka 2 ¹⁶ -1, yomwe ili 65535, ndi nambala zolakwika kuchokera -2 mpaka 2 ¹⁵ -1, zomwe ziri zofanana ndi zowerengeka kuchokera -32768 mpaka 32767.

Chiwonetsero cha Malo Ozungulira

Tsopano ganizirani mtundu wachiwiri wa manambala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti maphunziro a sukulu pa mutu wakuti "Kuwonetsera kwadzidzidzi mu kompyuta" (kalasi ya 9) sagwirizana ndi manambala oyandama . Ntchito ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, popanga masewera a pakompyuta. Mwa njira, zosokoneza pang'ono kuchokera pa mutuwu, ndiyenera kunena kuti kwa mafakitale amakono a zizindikiro zazikulu za ntchito ndilo liwiro la ntchito ndi ndondomekoyi.

Pano mawonekedwe owonetserako amagwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe malo a comma angasinthire. Monga momwe chiwerengero choyambirira chikuwonetsera chiwerengero cha nambala A, izi zikuvomerezedwa: A = m _{A *} q ^P , pamene m _A ndi mantissa, q ^P ndiwo maziko a chiwerengero, ndipo P ndi dongosolo la nambala.

Mantissa ayenera kukwaniritsa chofunika q ^-1 ≤ | m _A | <1, ndiko kuti, chiyenera kukhala cholinganiza chaching'ono chokhala ndi chiwerengero pambuyo pa decimal chomwe chiri chosiyana ndi zero, ndipo dongosolo ndi nambala. Ndipo chiwerengero chilichonse chosinthika chikhoza kufotokozedwa mosavuta mu mawonekedwe owonetsera. Ndipo chiwerengero cha mtundu umenewu ndi 4 kapena 8 bytes mu kukula.

Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha decimal 999,999 malinga ndi chiwerengero cha normalized mantissa chidzawoneka ngati 0.999999 _* 10 ³ .

Kuwonetsa deta pamanja: mbiri ya mbiri

Ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta amagwiritsabe ntchito chidziwitso cha mayeso. Ndipo kufotokozedwa kwa chidziwitso cha mauthenga pamakompyuta kumagwirizana ndi mfundo zomwezo za khodi yamakina.

Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zinenero zambiri zitha kupezeka padziko lapansi lero, machitidwe apadera oyendetsa khodi kapena matebulo amtundu akugwiritsidwa ntchito poimira mauthenga a malemba. Pokubwera MS-DOS, chikhalidwe chachikulu chinali CP866 encoding, ndipo makompyuta a Apple amagwiritsa ntchito ma Mac awo okha. Panthawi imeneyo kuti chinenero cha Chirasha chidziwitsidwe chodabwitsa cha encoding ISO 8859-5. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha makompyuta a makompyuta, zida zatsopano zinayenera kuyambitsidwa.

Mitundu ya encodings

Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa zaka 90 zapitazo munali Unicode yodabwitsa, yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito osati malemba, komanso ndi mavidiyo ndi mavidiyo. Chidziwitso chake chinali chakuti chidutswa chimodzi chidapatsidwa kwa chikhalidwe chimodzi, koma ziwiri.

Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, panali mitundu ina. Kwa mawindo a Windows, ma encoding a CP1251 ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma ali ndi chiyankhulo chimodzimodzi cha Russian ndipo akugwiritsabe ntchito KOI-8P - encoding, adawoneka kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi a makumi asanu, ndipo m'ma 80 akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale pa UNIX.

Kufotokozera komweko kwa chidziwitso cha mauthenga pamakompyuta kumachokera pa tebulo la ASCII, lomwe limaphatikizapo zigawo zoyamba ndi zoonjezera. Yoyamba imaphatikizapo zizindikiro zochokera ku 0 mpaka 127, yachiwiri - kuyambira 128 mpaka 255. Komabe, zizindikiro zoyamba za 0-32 sizinaperekedwe kwa zizindikiro zomwe zimaperekedwa ku makiyi a makina oyenera, koma ku mabatani (F1-F12).

Zithunzi zojambula: mitundu yofunikira

Mafilimu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ku dziko lamakono lamakono, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ngati muyang'ana kuwonetseratu kwachinsinsi pa kompyuta yanu, muyenera kuyang'ana mitundu yambiri ya mafano. Pakati pawo pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu - vector ndi bitmap.

Zithunzi za vector zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mizere, miyendo, ma curve, mapulogoni, etc.), zolembedwera ndizodzaza ndi mtundu wina. Zithunzi zozengereza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana, mbali iliyonse yomwe imatchedwa pixel. Pa chinthu chilichonsecho, mukhoza kuyatsa kuwala ndi mtundu.

Zithunzi zojambula

Masiku ano, kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zojambulazo kuli ndi malire ochepa. Iwo ndi abwino, mwachitsanzo, pakupanga zojambula ndi ndondomeko zamakono kapena zojambula ziwiri kapena zamitundu zitatu.

Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe apamwamba angakhale mawonekedwe ngati PDF, WMF, PCL. Kwa mawonekedwe oyendetsa, ma standard MacroMedia Flash amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma ngati mumayankhula zapamwamba kapena mumachita zovuta zambiri kuposa momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a raster.

Zithunzi za Bitmap

Ndi zinthu za raster, vutoli ndi lovuta kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kufotokoza kwaukhondo pamakompyuta oyendetsera masewera kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito magawo oonjezera-mtundu wa kuya (kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha mitundu mu piritsi) muzingwe, ndi kukula kwa chilembo (chiwerengero cha pixel pa inchi, chotchedwa DPI).

Izi zikutanthauza kuti pulogalamuyo imakhala ndi 16, 256, 65536 kapena 16777216 mitundu, ndipo matrix amatha kusintha, ngakhale kuti zowonjezereka ndi 800x600 pixels (480,000 pixels). Mwa izi, mungathe kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma bits kuti muzisunga chinthucho. Kuti tichite izi, timayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira Y = 2 ^I , yomwe N ndiyo chiwerengero cha mitundu, ndipo ineyo ndi mtundu wakuya.

Ndiye kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chiwerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuwerengera kukula kwa fayilo kwa chithunzi chomwe chiri ndi mitundu 65536, ndi maulendo a pixel 1024x768. Yankho liri motere:

• I = lolemba ₂ 65536, lomwe ndi mabomba 16;
• Number of pixels 1024 _* 768 = 786 432;
• Kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira ndi 16 bits _* 786 432 = 12 582 912 bytes, zomwe zikufanana ndi 1.2 MB.

Mitundu ya audio: njira zazikulu za kaphatikizidwe

Kufotokozedwa kwa chidziwitso mu kompyuta yotchedwa audio kumatsatira mfundo zofanana zomwe tafotokoza pamwambapa. Koma, kwa mtundu uliwonse wa zinthu zowonongeka, zizindikiro zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti ziyimire phokoso.

Mwamwayi, kuyimba kwapamwamba ndi kubereka kumawonekera mu matekinoloje a pakompyuta pamapeto otsiriza. Komabe, ngati kuberekanso akadakalibe zinthu, ndiye kuti kugwiritsira ntchito chida choimbira kwenikweni kunali kosatheka. Chifukwa chake, makampani ena olemba mbiri adayambitsa mfundo zawo. Masiku ano mawonekedwe a FM ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Pachiyambi choyamba, zimatanthawuza kuti phokoso lachilengedwe lomwe likupitirira likhoza kuwonongeka muzitsulo zina zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi chithandizo cha njira yolingalira ndikupanga chidziwitso choyimira pamakono a makompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito chikhomo. Kusewera, njira yowonongeka imagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma pakadali pano kutayika kwa zigawo zina ndizosapeŵeka, zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa khalidwe.

Mu tebulo-phatikizani kaphatikizidwe zimaganiziridwa kuti pali tebulo lokonzedweratu lomwe liri ndi zitsanzo za zida zomveka. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimatchedwa zitsanzo. Pachifukwa ichi, MIDI malamulo (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita masewero, omwe amadziwa mtundu wa chida, chingwe, nthawi ya mawu, mphamvu ndi kusintha kwa kusintha, zochitika zachilengedwe ndi zizindikiro zina kuchokera mu code. Chifukwa cha ichi, phokosoli likugwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.

Zojambula zamakono

Ngati poyamba vesi la WAV linatengedwa ngati maziko (kwenikweni, phokosolo limaimiridwa ngati sewero), m'kupita kwa nthawi kunakhala kovuta kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa mafayilowa adatenga malo ochulukirapo.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, matekinoloji aonekera omwe amachititsa kuti athe kupanikizika. Choncho, mawonekedwewo asintha. Wotchuka kwambiri lerolino akhoza kutchedwa MP3, OGG, WMA, FLAC ndi ena ambiri.

Komabe, mpaka pano magawo aakulu a fayilo yonse ya audio amakhalabe kawirikawiri kawirikawiri (muyeso ndi 44.1 kHz, ngakhale kuti wina akhoza kukwaniritsa miyezo yonse pamwambapa ndi pansi) ndi chiwerengero cha ma signal (16 bits, 32 bits). Momwemo, kutanthauzira kotereku kungatanthauzidwe ngati chidziwitso cha chidziwitso pamakompyuta ofunikira mochokera ku chizindikiro chachikulu cha analog (mawu alionse pachilengedwe ali poyamba analog).

Kugonjera kwa Mavidiyo

Ngati mavuto omwe ali ndi phokoso adathetsedwa mofulumira, ndiye kuti kanema zonse sizinayende bwino. Vuto linali kuti kanema, kanema kapena ngakhale masewera a kanema ndi kuphatikiza kanema ndi phokoso. Zingawoneke, ndi chiyani chiri chophweka, kusiyana ndi kugwirizanitsa zinthu zojambulajambula ndizitali? Zikachitika, izi zinakhala vuto lenileni.

Apa mfundo ndi yakuti kuyambira pazithunzi, chithunzi choyamba cha chochitika chilichonse, chomwe chimatchedwa chimango chofunikira, chiyenera choyamba kuloweza, koma pokhapokha kusunga kusiyana (mafelemu osiyanasiyana). Ndipo, zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, zojambulidwa kapena zojambula mavidiyo zinakhala zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti zinali zosatheka kuzibisa pa kompyuta kapena zochotseramo.

Vutoli linathetsedwa pamene maonekedwe a AVI awonekera, omwe ali ndi chida chokhala ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala zosungidwa, ngakhale zolemedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, ngakhale mafayilo a mtundu umodzi wa AVI akhoza kusiyana kwambiri pakati pawo.

Ndipo lero mungathe kukumana ndi mafilimu ena ovomerezeka, koma onsewa amagwiritsanso ntchito zizindikiro zawo komanso ziwerengero zawo, zomwe ndizo ziwerengero za mafelemu pamphindi.

Codecs ndi Decoders

Kuyimira zowonongeka mu kompyuta mu kanema kanema sizingatheke kulingalira popanda kugwiritsa ntchito codecs ndi ma decoder omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza zoyambazo ndi decompress pakusewera. Dzina lawolo limasonyeza kuti ena amalowa (compress) chizindikiro, chachiwiri-mosiyana - chotsani.

Iwo ali ndi udindo pa zomwe ziri muzitsulo za mtundu uliwonse, komanso kudziwa kukula kwa fayilo yomaliza. Kuwonjezera apo, ntchito yofunikira imasewera ndi chisankho chokhazikitsa, monga momwe ziwonetsedwera mafilimu a raster. Koma lero mukhoza kupeza UltraHD (4k).

Kutsiliza

Ngati tilembera zina mwazomwe tanenazi, tingathe kuzindikira kuti makompyuta amakono amayamba kugwira ntchito pokhapokha pokhapokha ataganizira kaye kachidindo (samangomvetsetsa). Ndipo pazogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake sichikutanthauza zowonjezera zokhazokha, koma ndizinenero zonse zomwe zimadziwika pulogalamuyi lero. Choncho, poyambirira, kuti muzindikire momwe zonsezi zimagwirira ntchito, m'pofunika kufufuza momwe zimagwiritsire ntchito zotsatizana ndi zina ndi zero.