Kukoma pensulo ndi zolembera zina: ukulu wawo

Kuyambira pamenepo, monga kupangidwa pensulo pa kulemba ndi zojambula, maganizo ake mowirikiza kusinthidwa ndi anatulukira atsopano. Pali basi palibe mapensulo tsopano mwachizolowezi mtundu, chimene chimachititsa ophunzira m'kalasi; Sera ndi kutsogolera ntchito kupenta akatswiri; "Zambiri" - chifukwa zithunzi ndi zomangamanga zojambula (kuwatsogolera tichipeza graphite ndipo, malingana ndi kuuma kwa, analemba mndandanda wa mitundu kuchokera imvi kuwala wakuda); mankhwala - ntchito mu maudindo pulani ya ntchito zambiri drafting; mapensulo zodzikongoletsera ... Ndipo onse a iwo amakhala osiyana chagwiritsidwa mwa ife muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo.

"Nahimichili"

pensulo kukoma - Kutulukira wake anali, anapeza weniweni chikukoka, kutsatira, choncho stenographic. Iwo akhoza kulemba, jambulani, kujambula pepala pamwamba, kupanga zizindikiro kukoma ndi zambiri. Mu matabwa "Maso awo" pa izi malo chapadera graphite pensulo. Mu mawonekedwe youma, amachoka pa pepala opepuka, zizindikiro unobtrusive ndi kulemba. Koma zoyenera nsonga ya kutsogolera pensulo wothira madzi, kapena ngakhale chinenero - kusintha ake mtundu, anayamba kulemba mu mtima, lowala, ndi kuchotsa pepala n'zosatheka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pensulo mankhwala akuphatikizapo nsalu kuti kupasuka atadziŵa chinyezi. The chifukwa chomwecho adzakhala ngati pamwamba kugwiritsitsa pepala wothira pepala la chimodzimodzi slate youma. The utoto akuwonjezeka ndodo - rhodamine (amapanga zolemba pa pinki yowala kuti kwambiri, malankhulidwe wachuma wa mtundu womwewo), eosin (kwambiri kwambiri pinki mtundu, osatembenukira ku wofiira), auramine (kwambiri chikasu). zina mchere izi apange pensulo kukoma ndi cholimba osati kokha, komanso ndi kaphatikizidwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana zikuluzikulu ndi zina, kuwonjezera zosiyanasiyana mitundu yake.

Pakutha zaka mazana makumi awiri, za kutchuka mapensulo mankhwala zinaleka - iwo zikukangalika m'malo mpira poyamba, ndiyeno zolembera gel osakaniza. Koma tsopano iwo akali m'madera osiyanasiyana kupanga. Iwo chagwiritsidwa zolemba kapena contours zithunzi pa galasi, pulasitala, ceramic, chitsulo ndi pamalo ena. Kuuma pensulo chodetsa polima amusankha malingana ndi mtundu wa pamwamba umene ntchito ndi. A woyamba mankhwala ulemu Kutulukira uli pensulo Edson Clark, amene setifiketi Kutulukira ake akutali 1866, chaka. Mu 1928, izo bwino penapake - palokha ndi pensulo kukoma linali lofika akhoza ka madzi, ndipo pamene kunali kofunika moisten ndodo, kulemba ntchito anzawo. Malinga ndi kuda chinyezi akubwera mowa, ndi utoto amachitira ndi madzi ndi pepala anali wokonzeka!

Pensulo ndi zodzoladzola

Zodzikongoletsera zolinga zodzoladzola ntchito luso-pensulo. kapangidwe ake ndi zambiri wandiweyani, koma wosakhwima, chifukwa izi si pensulo utoto pa nsidze, komanso maso ndi khungu pa zikope mosavuta anavulala ndipo amafuna akuchitira wosakhwima. Kapangidwe ka mapensulo patsogolo, pambali zosiyanasiyana inki mtundu monga zinthu zachilengedwe: glyceride zochokera mafuta kanjedza, Kasitolo mafuta ladzala ndi chinyezi - iwo amagwira ntchito yosamalira; njuchi, zipatso zina waxes m'mene kumatheka refractoriness ndi kupereka kupanga-alimbane ndi durability kwa nthawi yaitali; mankhwala, kumatha kuthekera kwa thupi lawo siligwirizana.

Zida Professional zojambulajambula

Ndipo potsiriza, makala pensulo. Monga momwe tikuonera bwino dzina, ndodo zikhale mpweya ndi Kuwonjezera chiwerengero ena a mafuta linseed. Kuwonjezera imeneyi imatiuza khala kachulukidwe ndi mtundu machulukitsidwe, guluu wolimba apamwamba kwa ulusi pepala. Kenako, anawasiya zofewa ndi malasha wakuda ndi kafungo utomoni.

Chifukwa zikuchokera makala ake pensulo mofanana zabwino zonse ntchito sewero, ndipo pofuna zojambula komaliza. Ntchito, chithunzicho akhoza zimasonyeza ndi mdima, ndi poyela mithunzi kuwala. Makamaka zovuta pensulo chakuti mosavuta kuchotsedwa pepala, kusiya kufufuza pang'ono.