Kodi zikutanthauza umboni chitetezo chokwanira? Lingaliro ndi mitundu yake

Mboni chitetezo chokwanira zikutanthauza lamanja la nzika pansi pa lamulo osati kupereka umboni wokhudza gulu linalake la anthu ndi zochitika kudziwika kwa iye. Pa nthawi yomweyo, udindo chigawenga ichi zimachokeradi. Makonzedwe amenewa mwachindunji enshrined mu Constitution ndi Code Wachifwamba. Nzika nawo ufulu umenewu monga mboni chitetezo chokwanira, kodi nthawi iliyonse kupereka umboni zogwirizana ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana.

tanthauzo

Nzika nawo ufulu umenewu monga mboni chitetezo chokwanira, akhale osachita lamulo umboni. Komabe, anthu awa akhoza kudziŵitsa akuluakulu mfundo zonse Adawadziwitsa pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, koma pa pempho lawo. Malinga ndi lamulo la dziko, ali ndi ufulu umboni yekha kapena achibale ake apamtima. Choncho, malinga ndi Article 308 la Code Wachifwamba, anthu awa osapatsidwa udindo.

Komabe, ngati nzika amenewa amayamba kupereka umboni choncho, iwo potero mutaye umboni wawo chitetezo chokwanira. Ndipo kotero iwo akhoza unachitikira wopalamula chifukwa mawu abodza.

chiletso

Mboni chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi chigawenga ndi magulu awa a anthu:

1. Oweruza ndi jurors. Iwo sadzakhala kuulula nkhani iliyonse pa mlanduwu, monga mfundo anadziwika nawo ntchito za ntchito akatswiri.

2. Malangizo ndi malangizo ena a mlandu wina (chifukwa yotsirizira anatembenukira kwa iwo potipatsa thandizo malamulo oyenerera).

3. wansembe, amene anakhala bwino mavuto cha zimene zinachitika kuvomereza lapansi.

4. mamembala a bungwe la Federation ndi State Duma popanda chilolezo awo.

Malamulo yonena za magulu deta nzika, enshrined mu Code la Civil Kayendesedwe. Milandu kwapadera, tatchulazi, monga momwe Article 56 a Code la Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba, umene umati anthu awa ali ndi ufulu umboni chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi chigawenga ndipo akhoza siudzafunsidwa.

ndondomeko yapachiweniweni

Art. 69 Code la Civil Kayendesedwe limanena kuti milandu kwapadera kumene anthu amene ali ndi kachirombo ndi ena, ayenera wosayesedwa monga mboni. Wawapatsa bwino kuvala yoyenera dzina - umboni chitetezo chokwanira - mu Kuthi boma. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nzika awa akhoza siudzafunsidwa ngati anthu eni mfundo iliyonse pa mulanduwo. Njirazi ndi monga:

- oimira, amalimbikitsa, owayimira;

- anagona oweruza ndi oweruza akatswiri;

- ansembe;

- arbitrators (arbitrators).

nzika awa sali umboni uliwonse chitsanzo chimodzi. Komanso, ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Mboni chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi yapachiweniweni ndi anthu amene, ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko, ali ndi ufulu umboni okha kapena awo achibale. Njirazi ndi monga:

- akazi ndi ana, ngakhale anthu amene anatengedwa;

- abale ndi alongo ndi mnzake, komanso agogo ndi zidzukulu;

- mamembala a matupi malamulo;

- ovomerezeka ufulu wa anthu ndi mabizinesi.

Non-Kuwulura zambiri

Pamaziko a Angachitsekereze awo ntchito amene amalowa pangano ndi kasitomala, ali ndi ufulu umenewu monga mboni chitetezo chokwanira wazamalamulo. Zilibe kumulola kuulula kuti yazamalamulo ndi mfundo khoti kuti anadziwika kwa iye ndi kasitomala. Makonzedwe amenewa alembedwa mu Article 56 a Code la Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti munthu amene anapempha thandizo ndi malangizo oyenerera ndi apatsidwa zinsinsi kwa iye, anakhutira kuti kupatula Yekhayo otsiriza, palibe munthu amaphunzira za mlandu wake ndi zochitika zimene zinachitika. Mwanjira imeneyi yaikidwa mu Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba. Chifukwa Baibulo limanena kuti loya wa akuganiza kapena mlandu mwina umboni pa mlandu, monga iwo anadzakhala naye mogwirizana ndi makonzedwe a thandizo malamulo masika. The limati chomwecho ndi GIC. Nkhani 69 chikalata ichi chikuti nthumwi kapena Angachitsekereze sangathe afotokoze zimene zinali mlanduwo, amene anadziwika nawo mogwirizana ndi makonzedwe a chithandizo cha zamalamulo. Komanso akutsimikizira kuti loya - munthu yokhala ndi umboni chitetezo chokwanira.

yofunika

Article 51 la malamulo zofunika boma limanena kuti palibe amene adzakhala mboni pa yekha, komanso anzathu ndi achibale. Zimenezi zikugwira osayang'ana momwe ali ndi kachirombo procedural. Choncho mfundo kuwawonetsera umboni chitetezo chokwanira. Komanso, Art. 56 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba limaletsa ena osiyanasiyana anthu kupereka umboni pa kufunsidwa ndi. Zikuphatikizapo oweruza, kumbali, ansembe. Anthu amene amadziwa zinthu zina mlanduwo, yomwe ikutchedwa kuti iwo angagwiritse ntchito zinthu akatswiri. Choncho, yankho la funso amene ali mboni chitetezo chokwanira, tikhoza mwachindunji mndandanda wa anthu (chifukwa iwo zinafotokozedwa Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code), komanso achibale a akuwakayikira ndipo oimbidwa.

Ngati n'koyenera, nzika kuti afotokoze mfundo zina za mlanduwu, iye ayenera kukumbukira kuti adzakhala phunziro kwa malamulo onse operekedwa ndi Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba. Ndipo pa nkhani ya perjury, iye kupatsidwa chilango yoyenera. Izi imakhudzanso anthu amene imvera lamanja la umboni chitetezo chokwanira. Choncho ngati mukufuna mkazi umboni mwamuna wake, iye basi akukhala nzika za udindo wa procedural. Ndipo mfundo za umboni chitetezo chokwanira sadzakhalanso ndi tanthauzo lililonse. Chifukwa analandira pamene kufunsidwa pa choncho iwo ntchito ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo monga umboni.

M'mayiko

Mu US, ndi zokhudza ntchito ya umboni chitetezo chokwanira, amasamalirira kwambiri. Komanso, Yoswa chaputala lonse mu Collection a Malamulo. Komabe si ndiyekhayo, lomwe limati anthu ufulu lino. Legislating tanthauzo la umboni chitetezo chokwanira ku maiko kugwirizana ndi Russia, si zodziwika bwino, koma chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mchitidwe. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo limeneli wavomerezedwa ndi makhoti mu United States yekha. Komanso, pali mitundu ingapo:

- umboni chitetezo chokwanira;

- ufulu wosayankha (ntchito kudzinyenga incrimination);

- mwayi.

Kupeza ikulongosola wathunthu wa iwo akhoza kukhala mu malamulo yunifolomu ya ndondomeko chigawenga, kugwira ntchito mu United States.

chilungamo Member

umboni ndi chithunzi kwambiri mu kufufuza za mlandu. Ndi cholinga kuthandiza kufufuza, ndi bwalo polimbana ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri kwa Kuthi wachifwamba. Mmene munthuyo amamuona kukhala wofunika kusonkhanitsa zokhudza zochitika zonse za kulakwa ndi koyenera kuti yachangu kuthetsa upandu. Choncho, CPC iye mwapadera.

Mboni ndi munthu mwini wa zofunika pa mlandu ndi kukanena zimenezi njira ya kufunsidwa akuluakulu yazamalamulo. Pachifukwa ichi, isanafike kuyankhulana iye anafotokoza ufulu procedural ndi udindo. Komanso, nzika lidzawotchedwa anachenjeza za udindo pa milandu mawu abodza.

Komanso, Constitution ndi Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba pambali nambala inayake ya anthu amene ali mboni chitetezo chokwanira, lamanja, ntchito amene ali kukana umboni osati kulankhula ndi yazamalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna, mkazi, abale ndi alongo, ana a makolo awo sangathe lipoti kufufuza ndi mfundo mayesero zokhudza okondedwa awo. Ndiyeno loya komanso wansembe zoletsedwa kuulula nkhani yomwe ikutchedwa kuti iwo mogwirizana ndi ntchito zawo. Choncho, umboni chitetezo chokwanira ku Kuthi chigawenga umalimbana chitetezo siyana za nzika, chifukwa cha munthu ndi pafupi, ubwenzi wolimba ndi akuwakayikira ndi mlandu sangathe kuulula nkhani iliyonse kwa iwo ndi mfundo za kuchita upandu. Pankhaniyi, iwo sangakhoze mlandu.

Zilibe ntchito

Chiwerengero cha anthu kutchulidwa Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba ndi Code la Civil Kayendesedwe sakuyenerera ndi lamulo kuulula mfundo Adawadziwitsa mlanduwo. Komabe, si okutidwa ndi nzika zonse zadziko. Mboni chitetezo chokwanira siligwira ntchito kwa anthu amene sali achibale a akuwakayikira ndi anthu mlandu, oimbidwa, osuma. Tidziwanso kuti mnzanga kapena bwenzi mwina n'koyenela kuti munthu anapatsidwa udindo procedural. Makamaka ngati ankadziwa zinthu zonse zimene zinachitika. Komanso, umboni chitetezo chokwanira adzakhala ntchito kwa oimbidwa amene apereka umboni wonama munthu wina pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana chigawenga. Pankhaniyi, lamulo ntchito luso. 307 wa Code Wachifwamba.

mitundu

Mboni chitetezo chokwanira ndi mwayi anthu ena, amene mulibe zokhazikitsa udindo kupereka umboni mlanduwo. Kumasulidwa izo zotsatirazi:

- mtheradi - ali khalidwe la loletsa malamulo pamaziko a Art. 69 wa Code pa Civil Kayendesedwe ndi Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba;

- wachibale - amaperekedwa kwa anthu amene kudziwitsa boma la mfundo kudziwika, ngakhale kukana kwa yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi malamulo adziko;

- zokhudzana (zaufulu), amene amapereka ufulu wosankha;

- utumiki - amalola, ndi ukoma wa udindo wake, osati umboni (munthu kapena ufulu malonda Commissioner);

- tsankho - savomereza matupi uthenga uthenga wina;

- wathunthu - ndi kalata yomasulira malamulo, zomwe si zikuphatikizapo milandu (anthu pafupi ndi wochokera mlandu).

Apa tisaiwale kuti si nkhani mafunso zokometsera nthumwi za milandu boma ndi boma. Chifukwa, ndi lamulo, iwo Ndiamene ndi mfundo za mlanduwu, yomwe ikutchedwa kuti iwo angagwiritse ntchito zinthu akatswiri. Mitundu umboni chitetezo chokwanira si yokhala enshrined chilamulo, kotero maloya ake sadakhulupirira sakanikira ndi kugawana zawo, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo a Art. 69 Code la Civil Kayendesedwe ndi luso. 56 wa Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code.

ufulu

Ngati munthu anaona nkhanza, zikuoneka kuti adzatchedwa ku polisi umboni mlanduwo. Komanso, munthu adzakhala ndi udindo uwu ndi pamene kulankhula ndi apolisi paokha, pofuna apakamwa zofunika, zimene zingakuthandizeni kufufuza. Pankhaniyi zidzakhala zofunikira Pamatha umboni chitetezo chokwanira. Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba Art. 56 izo amaperekedwa kwa magulu ena a anthu. Mu nkhani iyi, nzika, atagwira malo a loya kapena woweruza, sakhoza kukhala mboni. Ulamuliro N'chimodzimodzinso ansembe. Ngati umboni ndi wachibale ya ule akhadawisa ananena, iye ali ndi ufulu kupereka umboni choncho, amene kenako ntchito ngati umboni. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti munthu anapatsidwa udindo amenewa, ndi bwino kubwera mafunso pamodzi ndi kumbuyo.

nzika anandiyitana kukambirana procedural mu akuluakulu investigative kapena bwalo, ali ndi ufulu:

- pofalitsa nkhani m'chinenero chawo;

- amakana umboni pamaziko a chilamulo zikuluzikulu boma;

- kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la wotanthauzira (ngati n'koyenera);

- kugonjera opempha ndipo madandaulo;

- kupempha ntchito kwa izo nkhawa chitetezo, ngati moyo wake uli pangozi;

- anabwera ndi loya.

chitetezo

Kukachitika kuti munthu wotchedwa monga umboni mlandu, amanena kuti iye kapena achibale ake ali pangozi walekana ndi moyo kapena chiwawa kuwonongeka kwa katundu, wapolisiyo adzakhala ndi ufulu ntchito miyeso ena. Safety akhoza anaonetsetsa iye deta wake adzadziwire adzakhala ondandalikidwa pansi pseudonym munthu. Pa mlandu, dzina lake ndi dzina la nawonso wachinsinsi. Pamene mafunso umboni loya akhoza kukhalapo.

makhalidwe General

Chiphunzitso bwino umboni chitetezo chokwanira kulibe mu malamulo panopa. Choncho, maloya akatswiri kutanthauzira izo poyamba zina, kulemekeza malamulo amene anakhazikitsa malamulo boma ndi zigawenga. Mboni chitetezo chokwanira mwayi amatanthauza munthu amene si udindo umboni mlanduwo. Komanso, lamulo munthu ali ndi ufulu kuulula nkhani zonse zokhudza anzawo ndiponso achibale ake.

Art. 56 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba limanena kuti oweruza, maloya, ansembe sitinganene kuti monga mboni. Motero, lamulo amateteza zofuna za mlandu ndi amaganiziridwa olakwa. Chifukwa woweruza kutsogolera ndondomeko, kudziwa chilichonse cha nkhanza kwa choncho, choncho mwina sanena zambiri zopezera njira ya ntchito akatswiri kwa anthu ena.

Lamulo lomweli imakhudzanso maloya. Otsiriza, pamene akuchita zinthu ngati uphungu chitetezo, Mulimonsemo, sitidzatsogolera kuulula mfundo analandira kuchokera ku chachikulu, anthu ena. Ndi kutsutsana ndi lamulo. Ansembe, kumvetsera chibvomerezo wa tizilomboto ankaimbidwa, ndipo sayenera kuwulutsa mudziwe analandira kwa iye ndi kwa anthu ena, ngakhale akuluakulu yazamalamulo. Chiletso ndi mbali yaikulu ya umboni chitetezo chokwanira awo.

chilango

Zikatero, ngati munthu amene anaitana pa zokambirana procedural kapena khoti monga umboni choncho, anati alonda yazamalamulo ndi nkhani zonama, zikhoza kuonedwa criminally wopalamula pansi Art. 307 wa Code milandu. Ulamuliro N'chimodzimodzinso ndi akatswiri omasulira. Ngati nzika mpaka motsimikiza, nabvomereza kuti umboni amene iwo anali wabodza, ndiye kuti akatulutsidwa.

kuitana

Mogwirizana ndi malamulo a Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code, umboni akhoza anaitanidwa kuti zokambirana procedural kapena kuti bwalo yekha ankafuna kukambirana. Pankhaniyi, bukuli ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zokhudza chizindikiro cha otchedwa kukumana mafunso, komanso kuonetsa udindo wake procedural.

kutsogoza watumidwa kwa mboni mwa dzanja, anatumiza makalata olembetsedwa kapena kudzera njira zina kulankhulana. Komanso, chikalata ichi akhoza anasamutsa kwa munthu kupyolera mu ziwalo wamkulu banja lake, ngati munthu, chifukwa chirichonse, palibe. Pankhaniyi, wachibale, analandira kuitanidwako, undertakes kusamutsa nzika, amene adzakhala kudziŵitsa kufufuza kapena bwalo la zofunika pa mulanduwo.

kutsogoza akhoza kudzera mwa akuluakulu a malo kuphunzira kapena kuntchito cha umboni.

Kuyendetsa

Zikatero, ngati umboni samabwera pa tsiku zoikika ndi nthawi umboni ndi chiyani satchula zifukwa wake sanali kuoneka, izo zikhoza kwa bwalo kapena apolisi pamodzi ndi akapitawo yazamalamulo. Mu njirayi munthu ayenera kupanga chosankha wapadera. Kuyendetsa ayenera asachite usiku. Kuchotserapo milandu kuti si mwamsanga.

nkhani

The hayala, omwe ankaona kuti nkhani zonse zokhudza Kuthi wachifwamba mu 1864, zikunenedwa kuti anthu ena asamagwire umboni chifukwa sadathe kukhala umboni mlanduwo. Ena mwa iwo ndi nzika akhoza mwachindunji ndi bwino kufotokoza zomwe zinachitika. Komanso, anthu otero monga abale ndi mlandu amachita ziwawa. M'masiku amenewo bwalo iye sanasamalidwe anthu awa kuti ndichitire umboni. Komanso, munthu aliyense anali ndi ufulu umboni wina kuphwanya zinsinsi boma. Malinga ndi hayala a nthawi imeneyo, nzika akhoza kungoyankha kuchotsa umboni ngati anafuna kulimbana ndi mlandu. Mu Russia ano, nkhani imatengedwa ku mfundo ina. Komanso umboni chitetezo chokwanira ndipo anati lamulo lofunika wa boma, komanso Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba.

Lamanja la wovulalayo

Kodi angakhale ngati munthu wovulala chikugwirizana ndi mabanja mlandu? Komanso amathandiza luso. 51 lamulo yakuti, lomwe limati kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu incriminate okha ndi okondedwa awo. Koma zinthu kutuluka pano ndi mawu ena, ngati wovulalayo, ngakhale ubale ndi akuganiza za akudzipereka kupereka umboni wotsutsana naye. Mlingo chikondi anawawidwa ndipo kutenga mbali kumenyana.

mayesero mwayi

Munthu adzakhala ndi ufulu, amene enshrined m'chilamulo zofunika a boma kuti nthawi zonse amapondereza. Court kukha mlanduyo umboni, ngati yotsirizira kotero zofuna. Chifukwa munthu ali ndi ufulu kuulula nkhani zonse zokhudza milandu imene inachitika ndipo motero kudziteteza ku miseche. wakudziko iyi ya Constitution ayenera anafotokoza kuti wotsutsana ndi banja lake pa siteji ya kufufuza waukuluwo. Ngati sanachite, ndi umboni mu mawonekedwe kuwerenga munthu deta sangakhale maziko chigamulochi chifukwa chakuti zikusemphana ndi malamulo okhazikika.

Komanso, wozengedwa nazonso yakuti kukana umboni, kuti anapatsidwa poyamba. Choncho, mlingo wa mboni chitetezo chokwanira anapereka lamulo lalikulu ladziko, adzakhala anaphedwa zonse.

Mfundo

Mboni chitetezo chokwanira ndi zodziwika bwino Chilamulo Basic a boma, komanso Code la Civil Kayendesedwe ndi Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code. Komanso, anakonza udindo, ufulu ndi udindo wa anthu amene angathe kupereka umboni mlanduwo. Choncho Nkhani 56 ya Code pa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba kumatanthauza bwalo la anthu amene pochita ntchito akatswiri ndikoletsedwa kukhala mboni. Ulamuliro womwewo enshrined mu Code la Civil Kayendesedwe. mwayi imeneyi imagwiranso ku State Duma ndi Assembly kuti mu ntchito ya ikugwirira ntchito mwina amakana umboni mlanduwo. Mboni chitetezo chokwanira ndi imodzi mwa mfundo za chilungamo, amene amawapatsa ufulu osati kudziŵitsa kufufuza ndi mayesero zokhudza kufufuza mlanduwu, kumene mlandu ndi munthu pafupi. Komanso amatipatsa Wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code. CPC Nayenso limanena kuti kuletsa mafunso monga mboni ya anthu amene amagwira ntchito ndi boma.