Dongosolo la benzene chimene akanachita ndi kalembedwe yolondola?

chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi dongosolo ozungulira. Nthumwi yoyamba ija - benzene (C ₆ H _6). chilinganizo A yomwe imasonyeza Kapangidwe ka kanthu, choyamba akufuna wa sayansi Kekule mu 1865. Malinga ndi nkhani za sayansi, iye anali yaitali anaganizira chinsinsi cha benzene. Usiku wina iye anali njoka ikuluma mchira yake. M'mawa wa chilinganizo structural wa benzene kale wasenza. Zinali mphete 6 mpweya maatomu. Atatu a iwo anali pa ubale awiri.

Kapangidwe ka benzene

Mpweya mu chimasanduka onunkhira ndipamene hexagon zonse. Nthawi zina kujambula Zimene maikwezhoni akamachita elongated ake n'kulowera choimirira. Gulu la atomu ali ndi dzina wapadera - ndi benzene mphete. Umboni wa kapangidwe ozungulira a benzene ndi chiphaso ake mamolekyulu atatu a acetylene - unsaturated hydrocarbon kukhala pa ubwenzi patatu. chimasanduka onunkhira komanso ndi unsaturated ndi kuonetsa ena katundu khalidwe la alkenes. Pachifukwa ichi, mu benzene mphete ndi dashes atatu, akuthamanga kufanana kwa nkhope, onani pamaso pa ubale awiri. Chotero benzene chilinganizo si kwathunthu kusonyeza chikhalidwe cha maatomu mpweya mu molekyulu ndi.

Benzene: A chilinganizo chimene amasonyeza dongosolo leni

Kunena zoona, kugwirizana mpweya mu mphete ali ofanana ndi mnzake. Pakati pawo, sikunali kotheka kuonetsetsa limodzi ndi iwiri. Mbali otere anafotokoza mwa dongosolo elekitironi wa benzene, m'menemo mpweya phata ali SP ² -gibridizovannom boma chikugwirizana ndi anansi ake mu mphete, ndi atatu ochiritsira wa hydrogen umodzi kumangigwa. Pankhaniyi ndi hexagon, amene ali yemweyo ndege 6 mpweya maatomu ndi 6 - haidrojeni. Only ndi elekitironi mitambo Chachinayi cha tsa-ma elekitironi sali nawo mwakusakaniza ndi, anakonza mosiyana. mawonekedwe awo akufanana ndi dumbbell, likulu imagwera pa mphete ndege. A mbali unakhuthala ali pamwamba ndi pansi. Pankhaniyi, pa benzene phata ndi pansi pali machulukidwe awiri elekitironi nawo pa tsamba-toyalana elekitironi mitambo. Pali ambiri mankhwala ubale ndi mpweya mu mphete.

Katundu wa benzene mphete

Chifukwa okwana elekitironi kachulukidwe amachepetsa mtunda pakati pa mpweya mu mphete. Ndi ofanana ndi 0,14 nm. Ngati benzene phata analipo nsinga limodzi ndi iwiri, izo zikanakhala miyezo iwiri: 0,134 ndi 0,154 nm. Kapangidwe woona wa benzene chilinganizo ayenera mulibe nsinga limodzi ndi iwiri. Choncho, chimasanduka onunkhira akutchulidwa mankhwala unsaturated organic yokhala okha. Ndi zikuchokera iwo amafanana alkenes, koma angathe kugwira ndi M'MALO anachita, ndilo khalidwe la chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Onunkhira benzene phata nazo bata ndithu kuti oxidants. mbali zonse izi kulola tiziganizira mphete mtundu wapadera kulankhulana - osati awiri ndi limodzi.

Kodi kuwonetsera benzene chilinganizo?

Kachitidwe koyenera ndi benzene atatu maunyolo awiri monga Kekule, koma mawonekedwe a hexagon ndi bwalo mkati. Umasonyeza chizindikiro wamba 6 ma elekitironi.

Izo zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe chosokonekera mu katundu wa thunthu. ndi benzene mphete ndi wolimba, ali kwambiri mphamvu lumikiza. The katundu wa nthumwi loyamba chimasanduka onunkhira zimachitika homologues ake. Aliyense wa iwo akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati otumphukira imene panafunika wa hydrogen pa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira osiyana hydrocarbon.