Chandalama Federalism ndi chitsanzo amafotokoza

federalism zachuma - dongosolo limatanthauza kugwira ntchito yoyenda yokha ya ndalama (amene ali m'magawo ena) pamisinkhu zonse ndondomeko bajeti. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo zina, lomwe ndi:

1. Mbali malo ndondomeko ya magulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense wa iwo amapereka lamanja la mphamvu ndi kulamulira yake kupeza ndalama. Komanso zimenezi kumaphatikizapo kuthekera ntchito osadalira pa zinthu zimenezi.

2. Compliance ndi ndalama kuti ndi boma kuti chigwire ntchito ndi.

3. Ufulu kuchepetsa ndalama, omwe adamfunsa zochita anatengedwa ndi akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu.

4. Kupatukana udindo zachuma ndi udindo ndalama pa mlingo malamulo, amene amapangidwa ndi akuluakulu onse.

Chandalama Federalism mu Russia chifukwa chakuti dziko ali gawo lalikulu, komanso ena osiyanasiyana peculiarities mbiri ndi mitundu chitukuko m'madera munthu, amafuna kusintha chitsanzo chake.

Koma chitsanzo, tiona kuti maonekedwe ake abwino, zomwe ndi zoyenerera kwa federations onse, kulibe. Mfundo lonse ndi chitukuko cha lililonse dziko zimakhudza zinthu zakale, zachuma, dziko ndi andale.

Komabe, tanthauzo la chitsanzo yabwino federalism zachuma awonongedwa. Iwo kwagona kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndalama wogwidwa ndi nzika za boma, ayenera kukhala ndi udindo ofanana ndalama zimene lokhazikika kwa enaake a mphamvu. Komabe, ngati tikambirana kukhazikitsa ntchito zofunika zimenezi, zikuonekeratu kuti pakati pawo pali kusiyana zikuluzikulu, zimene aphimbidwa kudzera m'mabuku ndalama zimene zilipo pa kutaya bajeti, ili pa mlingo wokwererapo.

federalism zachuma akhoza kukhala aphindu pamene kufalitsidwa malamulo a mphamvu anaphedwa efficiently, n'zotheka phunziro kwa kugwilizana ndi mbali zitatu:

1. Kulekana kwa mphamvu za ndalama.

2. Kudulidwa Kwamalile A Malo ulamuliro ndalama.

3. Aligning ndalama.

dongosolo bajeti akhoza vertically kapena horizontally moyenera. Mfundo yachiwiri ndi zotheka pamene kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi chokwanira kuti waukulu ntchito za bajeti. Kuti pali mfundo kusasiyana pakati pa ndalama ndi ndalama mphamvu. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika vertically moyenera dongosolo ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka bwino maudindo pakati pa akuluakulu.

Mokhudzana ndi yopingasa, ndi yodziwika ndi ambiri zolowa kugwilizana ndi mbali ndalama.

federalism zachuma ndi kukhalapo zitsanzo ziwiri zofunika:

1. decentralized. Iwo amakhala ndi chakuti oyang'anira mzindawo ndi mkulu mlingo wa kudziyimira pawokha ndalama iliyonse mlingo wa dongosolo bajeti ndi udindo misonkho ina, boma m'manja oyang'anira mzindawo. Pakuti chitsanzo chimenechi yodziwika ndi chitukuko ofooka equalization zachuma ndi kuchotsa udindo kwa dongosolo chapakati cha osankhika chigamulo ngongoleyo maboma oyandikana ndi kusowa kwa ndalama zawo.

2. mukupanga chitsanzo kuti afala pa chuma cha mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya. Iwo kusiyana ndi nawo oyang'anira mzindawo mu kusokonekera kwa ndalama ya dziko, pamaso pa misonkho revenues pa mulingo uliwose wa dongosolo bajeti ndi chitukuko cha njira za kusokonekera kwa chuma pakati zimatiyika, yomwe ikuchitika mwa ang'onoang'ono, amapereka ndi ang'onoang'ono. pempheroli ntchito limati kumene pali kusiyana ena pakati pa kaperekedwe ka chitetezo bajeti m'madera.