Biosphere: malire a biosphere lapansi. The zikuchokera kwa biosphere ndi malire. Malirewo chapamwamba biosphere ndi

biosphere The imatengedwa kukhala chipolopolo a Dziko Lapansi, anthu zamoyo amene amatenga miyoyo moyo wake wamoyo.

Mbiri ya phunziroli

Lingaliro la biosphere monga malo moyo walowa mu sayansi Zhan Batist De Lamarck mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX. Zinali iye amene anabwera pafupi ndi luntha lake. Koma akuti anayamba ndi Austria wasayansi Edward Suess. Iye anagwira ntchito m'munda wa nthaka ndi biosphere anamvetsa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zonse. Tsopano, tanthauzo ili akuti "Biota". Suess anapereka kungoganizira ndi kafukufuku zotsatira zake mu lonena wotchuka "The nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi", limene limafotokoza nthaka ya Alps.

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha biosphere ndi kukonza Russian wasayansi geochemist amene ali kudziwa Buku m'minda ambiri a sayansi - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Monga katswiri wa mineralogy pa University Moscow, anakhala wachilembo cha "Biosphere" ntchito yaikulu, lofalitsidwa mu 1926. Izo ntchito imeneyi, iye anapereka woyamba mwatsatanetsatane tanthauzo la mawu amenewa.

V. Vernadsky moyenerera ankakhulupirira kuti biosphere - ndi lalikulu concentric m'dera la dziko lapansi zimene atenge mbali ya waukulu geochemical mphamvu. Choncho, ndi malo moyo alipo pakadali kapena wakhalapo, ndiye kuti biosphere ndi wofanana ndi pamaso pa zamoyo kapena mankhwala awo kagayidwe kachakudya.

Mitundu ya zinthu mu biosphere ndi

V. I. Vernadsky chimasiyanitsa mitundu yambiri ya zipangizo kuti maziko a biosphere lapansi.

1. Makamaka mankhwala wamoyo, amene anapanga ndi ya zamoyo.
2. Zakudya yomwe inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka ndipo pambuyo ntchito ya zinthu zotsalira. Ndi za mpweya wa mlengalenga, malasha, mafuta ndi zina zotero.
3. Inert zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa popanda alowererepo ya zamoyo.
4. Bioinert mankhwala - pawiri chifukwa cha ntchito zamoyo molumikizana ndi njira abiogenic.

biosphere malire atsimikiziridwa malinga ndi pamaso pa kuchuluka pamwamba zinthu mu zipolopolo dziko lapansi.

Kukhala nkhaniyi biosphere ndi

N'zoonekeratu kuti njira zofunika mphamvu ndi geochemical chitani ndi nawo lamulo la nkhani wamoyo. V. I. Vernadsky kukonza maganizo izo. Kukhala nkhani - zonse zamoyo alipo pa nthawiyo, akonzedwa limodzi mwa zigawo, amene ndi zimenenso elemental mipweya, kulemera ndi mphamvu.

Chuma chachikulu cha nkhani moyo ndi ntchito yake chifukwa ubwenzi ndi chilengedwe zonse otaya zatu. Mtsinje inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kupuma, kudya, kubalana. M'nkhaniyi, ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo tinganene kuti wamphamvu mapulaneti Geological khalidwe kwa ndondomekoyi.

Permanent Kusamuka kwa zinthu zimachitikira pakati pa chamoyo ndi malo malangizo onse mosalekeza. Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zimenezi chifukwa cha moyandikana ya pulayimale mipweya ya zamoyo ku mipweya ya kutumphuka dziko lapansi.

Zomera onyamula dzuwa, mu biosphere kulenga zovuta mamolekyulu organic ndi chakudya lalikulu mphamvu. Choncho, nkhani moyo amasonkhana ndipo amasintha chikugwirizana ndi mphamvu chowala dzuwa. Kupita mphamvu chimatheka chifukwa kukula zonse ndi chitukuko. Liwiro kubereka, monga zapamwamba V. I. Vernadsky, ndi mlingo pa zomwe mphamvu anasamutsa kwa biosphere geochemical.

malire

Part wa biosphere, imene pali panopa zamoyo, wotchedwa neobiosferoy. M'mawu ena, amakono. Ndipo danga kwawo kwa majeremusi wakale paleobiosfery.

Unyinji okwana Geosphere dziko ndi biliyoni 2420 matani. Khalidwe limeneli ndi nthawi 200 unyinji wa mlengalenga. Choncho, tinganene kuti zinthu zamoyo wosanjikiza mu misa okwana Geospheres negligible.

Uthunthu ndi sikelo wosintha angathe zamoyo chifukwa "moyo vsyudnost." zamoyo pang'onopang'ono anakakhala ku nyanja ndi nyanja, ndiye katswiri pa dziko. Malinga Vernadsky, kapangidwe ndi malire a biosphere ndi kusintha tsopano.

Tikumbukenso kuti, mosiyana ndi zipolopolo ena apadziko kukhulupirira kokha biosphere zovuta. Iwo amachita ntchito ya "phimba" wa ayi ndipo malo a kuchuluka kwa zamoyo, zomwe mwina monga anthu.

biosphere malire kumatanthauza motere. Iwo limapangidwa woyendera nthambi m'munsi mumlengalenga, woyendera nthambi kumtunda kwa lithosphere ndi onse hydrosphere. Ndipo pamwamba pa mlengalenga, yodziwika ndi ozizira, otsika kuthamanga ndipo mu kuya kwa nyanja, mavuto amene kungakhale 12,000 atmospheres, - biosphere zonse izi. Malire a biosphere kotero lonse chifukwa cha osiyanasiyana kwambiri cha kulekerera kutentha kwa zamoyo.

Tikumbukenso kuti pali mabakiteriya amene akhoza kukhalapo mu vacuo. Malire zinthu mankhwala anatengera ndi yotakata kwambiri. The weniweni ndi kuli zamoyo, mwachitsanzo, mchikakamizo zonse ionizing cheza. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti mitundu ina ali Hardy pa muyezo zina ndi zotheka ngakhale kunja biosphere lapansi.

Kuwonjezera zinthu zazikulu, moyo wa zamoyo chifukwa mosalekeza kwa maatomu panopa biogenic.

Malirewo chapamwamba biosphere ndi

kulibe pa misanje osiyana mu madera osiyana a miyoyo dziko mu mlengalenga. M'madera a South ndi North mizati mtengo uwu 8-10 Km, pafupi equator - 17-18 Km, m'madera ena onse - 20-25 Km. Choncho, moyo ladzala wokha troposphere - mmunsi mwa mlengalenga

The thupi malire kufalitsa moyo mu chikhalidwe ndi pa malire m'munsi mwa wosanjikiza ozoni.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere anapanga nyanja, nyanja, nyanja, mitsinje ndi matalala. Pa madzi onse ali moyo. Ambiri zamoyo wotanganidwa zigawo pamwamba ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Koma ngakhale pa akuya mamita 11.022, ndi maganizo ozama a m'nyanja (Mariya), pali anthu. Neobiosfera mulinso m'dambo kuti kale munali zolengedwa wakale.

Malirewo apansi biosphere ndi

Ngati ife kulankhula za lithosphere ndi, nthaka, ndithudi, ndi ambiri kwambiri pabedi lake, koma anazindikira kuti kuli moyo chozama kwambiri - pafupifupi 6-7 makilomita mobisa. Zimenezi zikugwira koposa zonse, fissures ndi m'mapanga kwambiri.

Zamoyo okhala biosphere

Zamoyo anawagawa m'magulu awiri, malingana ndi njira yopangira ndi mphamvu moyo: autotrophic ndi heterotrophic. Malo a magulu onse ndi Biosphere. biosphere malire anafotokozedwa ndi kugawa awo.

Oimira zamoyo autotrophic mu zakudya zawo si kugwirizana ndi anthu ena aliyense wamoyo. Izi zimafuna kuti dzuwa kapena mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala mankhwala zochita kupanga. Ndiyeno, ndi zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero mphamvu, koma mphamvu amalandira kwa zinthu mchere.

Autotrophs anawagawa subgroups awiri. Iwo phototrophs (obiriwira) ndi chemotroph (mabakiteriya). Woyamba amatha unalipo mu malowedwe a dzuwa. Koma chachiwiri, ntchito mankhwala zachilengedwe ndi organic monga gwero mphamvu, ndi zambiri zofanana.

Heterotrophs mwake, monga magwero a mphamvu ndi mphamvu chofunika organic zinthu opangidwa ndi zamoyo zina. Kuti popanda ntchito kuyambirira autotrophs moyo wawo sizingatheke. Nyama ndi anthu, monga wokhala wa biosphere, ndi zamoyo heterotrophic.

"Film a Moyo"

The unevenness za kufalitsidwa kwa moyo - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika, amene amakhala ndi biosphere lapansi. Malire a biosphere ali osalimba otsikitsitsa a moyo. Ambiri anatinso pamphambano ya malo. Ambiri, kufalitsidwa kwa moyo biosphere ndi kwambiri m'goli. V. I. Vernadsky anayambitsa mawu akuti "filimu ya moyo" pofotokoza mothandizidwa ndi madera kuli anthu ambiri a biosphere lapansi. kukhudzana malire "nthaka mpweya." - ndi woyamba mafilimu awa, wochindikala ndi za 2 3 cm ukufanizidwa ndi wachiwiri zone kukhudzana "mpweya ndi nthaka" -pribrezhnaya Mzere ndi zone kutuluka. Zoni lachitatu ankaimira euphotic Ocean (200 m), m. E. Free malowedwe Malo ray dzuwa.

Choncho, moyo yosintha "nkhope ya dziko lapansi," ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mfundo yonena za "biosphere". Malire a biosphere ndi - ndi moyo malire.

Okhudza malo-zinchito bungwe - ndi limagwirira kuonetsetsa kuti "mibadwo Geological wa zamoyo zonse." Man, monga wokhala wa biosphere, pamodzi ndi zinthu zina heterotrophic ndi ophunzira mwachindunji mu dongosolo mphamvu kuti zamoyo padziko lapansi.