Behaviorist njira: Agiriki ndi ntchito zowongolera

Classic behavioristic njira - ndi imodzi mwa mbali yaikulu mu maganizo, njira yomwe ndi kuonetsetsa ndi experimental kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana zimene zikuchitika kunja masamu kulungamitsa kugwirizana zina pakati zosintha zimenezi. Development wa behaviorism anali chinthu mapangidwe njira yeniyeni kafukufuku kuwerenga maganizo, kusintha kwa mfundo ndi nkhambakamwa chabe kuti mwamasamu wolungamitsidwa. Nkhani zimenezi zikunena: mafikidwe behaviorist kuphunzira za umunthu, mbiri ya malo amenewa ndi ofunika masiku ano. inawo ukufanizidwa ndi chitsanzo cha ntchito mfundo za khalidwe mu chitukuko cha sayansi ndale.

njira Behaviorist Psychology

Behaviorism mu kuwerenga maganizo anatuluka zochokera njira ya positivism nzeru zomwe amaona cholinga cha sayansi kuphunzira mwachindunji anati. Choncho, cholinga cha maphunziro a zamaganizo ayenera kukhala khalidwe la munthu kuti alipo kwenikweni, osati maganizo kapena chikumbumtima, chimene chiri chosatheka kusunga.

Mawu akuti "behaviorism" amachokera ku English kutanthauza khalidwe "khalidwe." Choncho kuti kuphunzira azimuth izi kuwerenga maganizo ndi khalidwe - maziko ake, mapangidwe ndi luso zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Zochita ndi zochita za munthu ndi gulu la kuphunzira behaviorism, ndi khalidwe lokha inamangidwa pa odziwika chilinganizo "nzothandiza - chibvomerezo".

Behaviorist njira munthu anakhala thupi la chidziwitso, ozikidwa pa maphunziro komanso wa khalidwe la nyama. Gululi umenewu mu kuwerenga maganizo analenga chimango methodological, cholinga, phunziro, njira kuphunzira, komanso njira kukonza khalidwe la. Ena mfundozo behaviorism anakhala maziko a sayansi ena, amene cholinga chake ndi kuphunzira khalidwe la munthu. Koma chopereka makamaka lalikulu analengedwa mu chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a chiphunzitso ndi ana kuphunzitsa.

Oimira behaviorism Psychology

A kale chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa njira zake sayansi komanso kufufuza mankhwala ndi njira behaviorist. Oimira wake anayamba kuphunzira mfundo chiyambidwe cha khalidwe la nyama, ndipo anafika angagwiritsire ntchito dongosolo chidziwitso anthu.

Woyambitsa chakale behaviorism D. Watson anali wothandiza wa kuganiza kuti kokha zomwe zingaoneke. Iye Ufumuyo kufunika kwa phunziro la Machitidwe 4 pa khalidwe la munthu:

• zochita kuonekera;
• Chobisika zochita (maganizo);
• cholowa, zochita achilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, yawning);
• chobisika zochita achilengedwe (njira mkati mwa ntchito yofunika).

Iye anali kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu zotani zimadalira mphamvu ya kuwalimbikitsa, ndipo akufuna chilinganizo S = R.

Wotsatira Watson Thorndike anayamba chiphunzitso zina ndi kukonza zotsatirazi malamulo zofunika pa khalidwe la munthu:

• Chitani - ubale pakati pa zikhalidwe ndi zochita kwa iwo, malingana ndi chiwerengero cha kubwezeretsa;
• wokonzeka - conduction kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha amadalira pamaso okonzeka mkati pa munthu kuti;
• kukameta ubweya associative - ngati za kuchuluka kwa zikuchitika munthu kumva wina, otsala adzachititsa zotani zofanana ndi zina;
• Kwenikweni - ngati kanthu likudziwika kuti tikondwere nazo ndi khalidwe adzakhala pafupipafupi.

Experimental kutsimikizira kwa maziko ongolankhula chiphunzitso ichi wa Russian wasayansi Ivan Pavlov. Zinali iye amene empirically anatsimikizira kuti nyama akhoza kupanga wabwino bongo, malinga ntchito zikuchitika ena. Anthu ambiri akudziwa kuyesera wake ndi mapangidwe ayankhe galu wabwino kuwala mu mawonekedwe a salivation popanda zolimba mu mawonekedwe a chakudya.

Mu zaka 60 chitukuko cha behaviorism kukodzedwa. Ngati kale zinaoneka ngati ya zochita munthu zikuchitika, kuti kuyambira pamenepo akuyamba kumayambiriro chiwembu izi zosintha zina. Mwachitsanzo, E. Tolman, wolemba wa behaviorism chidziwitso, wotchedwa wogwirizira limagwirira ntchito chidziwitso. Mu zatsopano awo ndi mbewa, anasonyeza kuti nyama kupeza njira yothetsera wa ndikuyenda pa njira chakudya m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kutsatira njira sankadziwika. Choncho, izo zinasonyeza kuti cholinga cha nyama ndi njira zofunika kwambiri kuchita izi.

Mfundo za behaviorism Psychology

Kulonga n'cigwagwa mfundo atafika mwa oimira behaviorism chakale, pali mfundo zingapo njira yotsatirayi:

• Khalidwe - akuchitanji munthu zikuchitika chilengedwe, imene Amasintha (anachita akhoza kukhala kunja ndi mkati);
• umunthu - ndi luso limene tingaphunzire ndi munthu wa moyo, akonzedwa makhalidwe;
• khalidwe la anthu ndipamene malo ochezera, osati njira mkati.

Mfundo zimenezi - izo tezisno chakudya cha njira yapamwamba, lomwe kenako kusanduka ndi anatsutsa otsatira ndi otsutsa.

mitundu zowongolera

Development anthu amapezeka mwa kuphunzira - kuphunzira njira mogwirizana ndi dzikoli. Maluso awa makina, ndipo Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi maganizo. Yachokera pa zimene ichi, ndi khalidwe anapanga. Behaviorist njira kuganizira mitundu yambiri ya kuphunzira, Pakati wotchuka kwambiri ndi operant ndi Agiriki zowongolera.

Operant amapereka kuloŵerera pang'onopang'ono zinachitikira anthu, imene aliyense zake adzachititsa anachita zina. Choncho, mwanayo amaphunzira kuti ngati kutaya zidole, mwina kumvutitsa makolo.

Chakale zowongolera amalankhula kwa munthu kuti chochitika chimodzi ndi lotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, mwana amadziwa kuti kachitidwe kudzakhala ndi kakomedwe ka mkaka pamene chifuwa cha mayi. Ndi mapangidwe gulu, anthu amene chingatilimbikitse wina, kenako wina.

The chiŵerengero cha nzothandiza ndipo ayankhe

Theoretically, akufuna Watson ndipo Pavlov lingaliro pafupifupi n'zoona kuti nzothandiza poyankha izo (S - R) wasonyeza kwa kutaya Psychology "sanali sayansi" zoimira kuli "wauzimu wosaoneka" mwa munthu. Maphunziro imachitika pa nyama anapatsa moyo maganizo a munthu.

Koma chitukuko cha chiphunzitso zinasintha chiwembu "nzothandiza - chibvomerezo". Choncho, Thorndike ananena kuti kuyembekezera zolimba kumalimbitsa kugwirizana pakati nzothandiza ndipo ayankhe. Kuchokera pa ichi, munthu amachita kanthu ngati kudikira zabwino kapena amapewa kukumana ndi mavuto (zabwino ndi zolimba zoipa).

E. Tolman Komanso ankaona zolinga zawo chosavuta ndi nsembe zawo: S - I - R, pamene pakati kuwalimbikitsa komanso mmene alili makhalidwe thupi la munthu, zimene anakumana nazo, chibadwa.

Kuphunzira pa kaonedwe ka behaviorism

Behaviorism inakhala maziko a chitukuko cha njira khalidwe ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Ngakhale zambiri izi m'madera ndi kuzindikira, koma pakati pawo pali kusiyana kwambiri. Behavioristic njira amaona ndife chifukwa cha kuphunzira ya zochita kunja kuperekedwa pa maziko amene khalidwe ndi kwaiye. Choncho, behaviorism ndi tanthauzo zochita okhawo zimene zimasonyeza kunja. Khalidwe njira zambiri ndipo anthu ambiri. Pamafunikanso mfundo za behaviorism chakale, njira chidziwitso payekha, E. Nkhani kuphunzira mwachitsanzo. Ndi thupi zochita mkati (maganizo, maudindo) kuti analengedwa ndi munthu aliyense amene ndi udindo.

Behaviourist njira wakhala zambiri zosintha, imene ambiri - Social Learning chiphunzitso Bandura ndi David Rotter. Asayansi kukodzedwa kumvetsetsa khalidwe la munthu. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti zochita munthu ofunitsitsa osati ndi zinthu zina, komanso kutengera za mkati.

Bandura ananena kuti wokonzeka vera ziyembekezo - monga mkati determinants - kucheza ndi mphoto ndi chilango, zinthu zina mofanana. Iye anali wotsimikiza kuti munthu amatha paokha kusintha khalidwe lawo mchikakamizo cha ubale kuti padzikoli. Koma ambiri Chofunika - munthu akhoza kulenga ndondomeko ya ntchito yatsopano mwa kuonerera yosavuta khalidwe la anthu ena, ngakhale popanda kuzikhulupirira mwachindunji. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, munthu ali ndi luso lapadera kudzimvera chikhalidwe chawo.

J .. Rotter, osauka izi Akuti akufuna kulosera dongosolo la makhalidwe a anthu. Malinga ndi wasayansi, munthu adzakhala kanthu pa maziko a zinthu 4: khalidwe la lingathe (mlingo wa Mwina khalidwe pa nzothandiza chilichonse), amayembekezera (pafupifupi nkhani reinforcements Mwina poyankha khalidwe lake), zolimba mtengo (ziyenera tanthauzo lenileni anachita kanthu) ndipo maganizo vuto (chilengedwe kunja imene kanthu angayambe). Motero, khalidwe angathe zimadalira kuphatikiza zinthu zitatu izi.

Choncho, kuphunzira chikhalidwe - ndi kuloŵerera luso zosiyanasiyana khalidwe mu dziko chikhalidwe, amene anatsimikiza ndi zinthu zonse kunja ndi predispositions mkati mwa munthu.

njira Behavioristic Political

M'malo mwa njira mwachizolowezi milandu sayansi andale amene anaphunzira malamulo, mabungwe andale, mu 50s anabwera behavioristic. cholinga chake chinali kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha khalidwe la ndale la anthu monga nzika ndi magulu andale. njira Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti qualitatively ndi quantitatively yosanthula njira ndale.

njira Behaviorist mu sayansi ndale ntchito kuphunzira khalidwe payekha monga mbali ya dongosolo la ndale ndi kulimbikitsa kuti nzothandiza wa - zolinga ndi zofuna. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mu sayansi ndale akhala ovuta mawu akuti "munthu", "amaika", "chikhulupiriro", "maganizo a anthu", "khalidwe oponya voti."

The mfundozo chachikulu

1. akutsindika ayenera kuloza chidwi ndi mabungwe andale mu khalidwe la anthu mu moyo wa boma.
2. Waukulu credo: ndale sayansi ayeneranso ankaphunzira mwachindunji akuoneni njira okhwima wazotsatira.
3. Yaikulu mbali ndale zachokera lathu ndi maganizo.
4. Kuphunzira zandale afunefune kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi ca ubale chifukwa ndi mmene kulili anthu.

Oimira behaviorism mu sayansi andale

Anayambitsa njira khalidwe ndale ndi Charles Merriam, Bambo Gosnell, D. Lasswell. Iwo anazindikira kuti sayansi ndale njira n'zofunika "zomveka" kulamulira ndi mapulani achitukuko. Ntchito ganizo la Thurstone ubale wa kakhalidwe ka munthu ndi zoikamo ake ofufuza kusinthidwa kuti sayansi ndale ndipo analola kuti asamukire ku kusanthula mabungwe boma monga chinthu chachikulu cha phunziro kwa kuwunika mphamvu, khalidwe andale, maganizo a anthu ndi chisankho.

Kupitiriza mfundo imeneyi ikupezeka mu ntchito za P. Lazersfelda, B. Barelsona, A. Campbell, D. Stokes ndi ena. Iwo afufuza ka masankho ofuna America, mwachidule makhalidwe a anthu mu demokalase nadza ku mfundo zingapo:

• anapezeka kwambiri wene mu chisankho ndi kupatulapo osati lamulo;
• chidwi ndale zimadalira mlingo wa maphunziro ndi ndalama munthu;
• akumuphunzitsa ambiri, monga ulamuliro, bwino kuuzidwa pa nkhani ya anthu andale;
• Zotsatira chisankho kwakukulukulu kudalira pa gulu kukhulupirika;
• sayansi Political ayenera kuthandiza phindu la mavuto weniweni wa munthu m'nthawi ya mavuto.

Choncho, kupanga njira behaviorist mu sayansi ndale zasinthiratu nakhala chofunika mapangidwe ntchito sayansi ya moyo andale a anthu.