Banda la konkire lolimbikitsidwa. Nkhono za konkire zolimbikitsidwa: miyeso, makhalidwe, mitengo

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zolemba za sayansi ndi zamakono zikuwoneka makamaka pa zomangamanga - m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi pali zinyumba, zomwe zikanakhala zosatheka kuganiza kale.

Zipangizo zatsopano, makina atsopano ndi zipangizo zimakupatsani inu mofulumira, mozama, modalirika kwambiri. Koma pali zida zogwirira ntchito zamakono zomwe sizikutayika kwa nthawi yaitali. Izi ndi ndondomeko ya konkire yowonjezeredwa - mfundoyi inakhazikitsidwa zaka zana ndi theka zapitazo, koma popanda izo ntchito zopanda ntchito zomwe sizidzachitika.

Patent wa 1867

Ambiri amadziwa nkhani ya mlimi wa ku France dzina lake Josef Monier, amene analimbitsa mbiya yake yokhala ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yachitsulo. Chotsatiracho chimakhala ndi katundu wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zipangizo zina. Monier amavomerezedwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana njira zowonjezera konkire yowonjezera ya mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndodo ya konkire yowonjezeredwa ya makoma ndi magawo.

Ogwira ntchito zomangamanga adasintha malingaliro awo kuti apange chitukukocho. Anali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera pakati pa konkire, ndipo ziwerengero zinasonyeza kuti makonzedwe a khola akuyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, poganizira ntchito yomwe ikugwira ntchitoyi. Choncho, ma slabs osakanikirana a slab ali oyenera kulimbikitsa, kuyika ndodo pafupi ndi ndege ya m'munsi, kumene kuli mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri.

Kupititsa patsogolo zipangizo zamakono

Masiku ano konkire imapatsidwa zinthu zofunika pazinthu zokhazokha. Zida zamagetsi - kulimbikitsa osungirako - zikhoza kukhala malo osasunthika, zowoneka ngati zowonongeka (chingwe, thumba) zowonjezera konkire ndi makhalidwe abwino. Zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana mu konkire zimapepuka kapena zimangowonjezera kugwira ndi kupeza mphamvu. Konkire yolimbikitsidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zosiyana, zosakwatiwa, komanso nyumba, zachuma.

Kachipangizo, chitsimikizo, chitsimikizo, chinyezi, chilengedwe-ndi moto kutsutsana, chuma - ubwino uwu udzasankha kugwiritsa ntchito konkire yowonjezereka m'tsogolomu. Maofesi a monolithic a slabs kapena opangidwa kuti apange nyumba zomangamanga adzafunidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa, mwazinthu zina, zimakhala ndi zigawo zachilengedwe, izi zimakhala zachilengedwe ndipo zimakhala zokonzedwanso kuti zisinthidwe ndikugwiritsanso ntchito.

Mitundu ya slabs yowonjezeredwa

Pa malo ogwiritsira ntchito amasiyanitsa maziko, msewu ndi mbale zogwedeza. Zoterezi zingapangidwe mu fakitale, kenako zimaperekedwa ku malo omanga ndikuyika. Kawirikawiri, ndodo ya konkire yowonjezeredwa, monga zinthu zina za zomangamanga zomangamanga, zimakhazikitsidwa ndi kutsekemera ndi zida zachitsulo.

Mbaleyo ikhoza kupangidwa m'malo. Dothi lopangidwa ndi monolithic, maziko onse komanso malo opangira matabwa, komanso nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomangamanga kapena malo ogwiritsira ntchito makina oyendetsa makina a precast ndi ovuta. Msikawu umapereka zipangizo zokwanira (kuphatikizapo mafomu), kupanga njirayi yodalirika komanso yomanga.

Maziko oyandama

Kumanga kotsika pansi pa nyumbayi si njira yotsika mtengo, koma nthawi zambiri yodziwika bwino. Dothi la konkireti lokhazikitsidwa ndi monolithic, lobwerezabwereza mwa ndondomeko ya makoma onse kunja kwa nyumba yoyamba, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa maziko oyandama. Izi zikutanthauza kuti katundu wochokera kumbali imodzi ya nyumbayo amachotsedwa pansi pamtunda wofanana, slab ikugwira ntchito ngati imodzi, sikuti imakhala yovuta chifukwa cha dothi, kuzungulira kwakukulu kozizira kapena malo okwera pansi. Zoonadi, izi zonse ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi slab yomwe imapangidwa ndi khalidwe loyenera.

Gawo lofunika komanso lofunika kwambiri kuchokera kumalo opangidwa ndi maziko a maziko amenewo ndi kukonzekera maziko ochepetsetsa omwe slab adzatayidwa. Ndikofunika kupanga ntchito yambiri yofukula, kudzaza ndi kuyanjanitsa mchenga - kutaya madzi kapena kudula.

Kuyika mbale ya maziko

Choponderetsa pansi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chozungulira, chomwe sichilola kulowerera mu njira. Kenaka kukonzekera kwa konkire kukonzekera kusunga madzi kumachitika. Pambuyo kuumitsa kwazomwezi, kuzungulira madzi kumatulutsidwa ndi kutambasula ndi kuyesa.

Kubwezeretsa ndi chipangizo cha zingwe ziwiri zogwirizana. Mapuloteni am'munsi otsetsereka amaikidwa muzitsulo zapadera, kotero kuti amachoka mu konkire yosanjikiza. Concreting ndi yabwino kugwira ntchito kuchokera ku chosakaniza kupyolera mu thira, penti ya konkire, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo pa nthawi yolembera, malo okonzedwanso a konkire-maziko amatha kukonzanso nyumbayo.

Monolithic slab

Pang'ono pokha kumanga kanyumba kameneka kamene kamangidwe kawiri kawiri kamagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kwa ichi pali zofunikira zenizeni. Kuphatikiza pa zizolowezi zomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito posungirako kacisi - mphamvu, kuyimitsa moto, kufalitsa kwa yunifolomu yazinthu zodziwikiratu - pali phindu lapadera posankha makinawa. Ambiri mwa iwo - kusowa kwa kusowa kwa zipangizo zamakono zolemetsa komanso kuthekera kwina kulumikiza mtundu uliwonse mu dongosolo.

Kuwerengera kufunika kwa makulidwe a mbale ndi ndondomeko ya kumangiriza kwake ndi bwino kupatsidwa kwa akatswiri. Nthawi zina ndizofunikira kudziwa zotsatirazi. Mphepeteyi imapangidwa kukhala yochepa kwambiri kuposa 150 mm, pamene makulidwe a slab amatsimikiziridwa motengera kutalika kwa kutsegulidwa kotseguka, mu chiŵerengero cha 1:30 - 1:35. Pamene kulimbikitsanso ndi kofunika kukumbukira kukonzanso kwa m'mphepete mwa mbale ndi zofanana ndi zofanana ndi zofanana ndi zooneka bwino.

Zipangizo zamakono

Mumsika pali njira zambiri zomwe mungakonzeretseni pazitsulo za monolithic. Koma kugula izo kwa womanga makina ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti pali mwayi wotenga zipangizo zamakono pa lendi, ndipo izi ndizo njira yabwino - kutsimikizirira kuti liwiro likuyenda bwino komanso kuti khalidweli likuyenda bwanji. Mulimonsemo, gwiritsani ntchito ngati chingwe chothandizira pazithunzithunzi zowonjezera bwino kwambiri kuposa matabwa kapena mipiringidzo, chifukwa kuyika kuyenerera kwa zojambulazo n'kofunika kwambiri.

Concreting iyenera kuchitidwa mu sitepe imodzi, ndi kugwirizana ndi kugwedeza kwa osakaniza. Izi ziyenera kukhala masiku atatu oyambirira kusakaniza konkire ndi kukonzera kupewa kupezeka kwa ming'alu kuchokera kumadzi osayenerera.

Konkire konkireti yowonjezeredwa

Kumangidwe kwa nyumba zowonjezera makina a konkire opangidwa ndi mafakitale apadera akuyesedwa kukhala woyenera kwambiri kumanga nyumba zambiri zamagetsi. Koma kwa kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kanakonzedwa ndi slabs ndizovuta. Mabotolo oyendetsedwa bwino omwe ali opangidwa ndizomwe angakhale otsika mtengo, akhoza kuwonetsedwa mu nyengo iliyonse, ndipo liwiro la kuikidwa ndilopamwamba kwambiri.

Zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito denga losakanizidwa ndi kulemera kwakukulu, komwe kwalimbitsa mababu a konkire. Miyeso yawo ndi yoyenera - izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pa kapangidwe kake. Vuto lina ndilofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito granito, ngakhale malo ochepa omwe angagwirizane nawo.

Mitundu ya slabs yokonzedweratu

Mapulusa olimba, olimba amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulani ndi misonkhano yeniyeni: monga zina zowonjezera kapena kukhazikitsa njira zothetsera mauthenga. Iwo amadziwika ndi mphamvu zazikulu ndi kulemera kwakukulu.

Mipata yomwe imakhala yozungulira kapena yowombera mpweya wautali imakhala yowala kwambiri ndipo imakhala bwino kumveka komanso kutentha thupi. Mipata imalimbikitsa konkire yozama-mtundu wa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyumba zokhala ndi konkire yowonjezereka, nyumba zamatabwa, makoma a njerwa, etc. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zingwe zosiyanasiyana - magetsi, otsika.

Mtundu wachitatu - kuwedzeredwa kapena kukwapulidwa, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina osindikizira. Kutalika kwa slab ukugwedezeka popanda kuganizira nthiti za mphamvu ndi 140-160 mm.

Kwa kupanga slabs, prestressed reinforcement amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zawo zikhale zofanana ndi za pansi pa konkireti.

Masikono apamwamba

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwapangidwe pansi komweko kumayenera kuganiziridwa pa kapangidwe ka nyumba yamtsogolo. Kukula kwake kwa slabs kungakhale chinthu chodziwikiratu pa chitukuko cha nyumba yamtsogolo. Kuphatikizana, komwe kumafuna mbale za zosiyana kapena zosiyana, zingakhale zodula kwambiri.

Choncho, malingalirowa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oyenera: mbale yaikulu - 220 mm, m'lifupi - 1, 1.2 ndi 1.5 mamita, ndi kutalika - kuchokera pa 2.4 mpaka 9 mamita, ochulukitsa 100 mm.

Njira zopangira slabs

Pogwiritsa ntchito slabs-core slabs, njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imodzi ndi yachikhalidwe, pogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yowonongeka yopangira ma slabs osasinthika, kukula kwake. Pambuyo poika zowonjezera ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga voids, nkhungu imadzazidwa ndi konki yosakaniza ndi kutenthedwa kuti ipititse patsogolo kayendedwe ka konkire ndi mphamvu zake. Zopezeka mwa njira imeneyi zalimbitsa ndondomeko za konkire GOST 9561-91 zimalimbikitsa kulemba makalata PC.

Pachilumba china - pang'onopang'ono - mbaleyo imatambasulidwa pamayimiliro, pamtunda wotentha kwambiri ngati mawonekedwe opitirira 100-200 mamita pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera. Kuponderezedwa koyamba kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe a zingwe zazitsulo za gawo lofunika. Pamene chisakanizocho chikufika pamtunda wina, nthitiyo imadulidwa ndi chida cha diamondi m'zigawo zofunikira komanso ngakhale mbali yoyenera. Timapeza ma konki a konkire, omwe mtengo wake ndi 20% poyerekeza ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito - makasitomala - njira zopangira. Ma mbale awa amadziwika ndi zizindikiro za PB.

Zomwe zimatchulidwa pazitsulo zamkati zimakhala ndi magulu angapo oimira zizindikiro. Amatanthauza mtundu, kutalika ndi m'lifupi mu decimeters, kupanga katundu (mu kPa), mtundu ndi gulu la reinforcement. Chitsanzo: PC 63-12-8-AtV - mbale yopanda malire 63 dm kutalika, 12 digitala, katundu wololedwa - 800 kg pa m ² , AtV - mtundu woponderezedwa.

Misonkhano yamakono opangidwa

Kukula kwa denga lokongoletsera kuchokera ku slabs-core slabs kumadalira molongosoka kukonzekera kuikidwa, kuchokera kumagwiritsidwe mosamala ndi molondola pa ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsa mbaleyi ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zonse pulogalamuyo pogwiritsa ntchito chida choyezera.

Onetsetsani kuti zomangamanga zikhoza kuchitika ngati pulasitiki yothandizira ipangidwe pamakoma kapena mizati. Phindu lothandizira lotereli limasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kumanga khoma, zomwe zipangizozo zimapangidwira. Mwachitsanzo, 70mm pampando wothandizirayo ndi okwanira pazitsulo zamatabwa, 75 mm pazitsulo zowonongeka za konkire, 90 mm kwa khoma la njerwa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito makoma omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonyamula katundu, monga mapuloteni osakanikirana, makina opaka mafuta kapena mapuloteni a polymer, akatswiri ambiri amalimbikitsanso kulimbikitsa makina a konkire pamwamba pake, omwe ma slabs adzakhazikitsidwa.

Udindo wa omangamanga umasonyezedwa momveka bwino pamsonkhanowu. Ngati kukonzedwa kwa slabs ndi kutsekemera kwa mbali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhala ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwirizanitsa, ndi zowonongeka zowonjezera - munthu ayenera kuchenjezedwa, chiopsezo cha chiwonongeko cha zomangamanga zonse ndi chachikulu kwambiri.

Mawindo a misewu

Nkhani yomwe imatchedwa mbale ndi yokhala ndi mbali zonse, zomwe makulidwe ake ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa kutalika kapena kutalika kwake. Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku msewu wa msewu. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga malo ovuta kapena misewu yowonongeka. Kuphimba koteroko kungakhale kosatha kapena kwakanthawi, mwachitsanzo, mbalezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kangapo, ndipo izi ndi ubwino wa teknoloji. Kuwerengera khonje ya konkire yowonjezeredwa kumapangidwira kuchokera kumunda wogwiritsa ntchito, katundu wokonzedwa kuti aphimbe ndi moyo wautumiki.

Pogwiritsa ntchito msewu, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukonza maziko oyenera moyenera - kawirikawiri izi ndi zigawo za miyala kuchokera ku miyala ndi miyala, komanso mchenga wa unyinji wofunikira ndi unyinji.

Msewu wa ndege ndi ndege, kuti ulalikire kosatha komanso kwa nthawi yochepa. Zimasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndi mtundu wa reinforcement zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Deta zonsezi zimasonyezedwa mu kuyika kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbale.

Chitsanzo: 1П30.18-30AV - zida zowonjezeredwa za konkire, miyeso - 3000х1750 mm, chophimba chokhazikika (2П - kwa kanthawi), chokonzedwa kuti galimoto yodzaza matani 30, chitsulo cholimba cha kalasi АВ chigwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kusankha bwino

Sankhani njira yoyenera yokhazikitsira maziko, makoma, miyala kapena misewu yoyendetsera mipikisano komanso mipikisano yothandizira pulojekitiyi. Mafakitale amakono ogulitsa zitsulo za konkire amapereka magawo osiyanasiyana omaliza pa ntchito zenizeni za ntchito yomangamanga.

Pezani ndondomeko za konkire zowonjezereka, mtengo wake uli wololera, ndi khalidwe - kukwaniritsa miyezo ndi miyezo, malondawo ndi enieni.