"'93", Hugo: mwachidule a m'nkhaniyi, ndi kusanthula. Roma "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu"

Pambuyo buku la buku wotchuka "Les Miserables" mu 1862, Viktor Gyugo ndinaganiza lolembapo wina, chimodzimodzi zikuluzikulu ntchito. Bukuli analengedwera kwa zaka khumi yaitali. nkhani apakhungu a nthawi zimakhudzanso mu buku "'93" Hugo. Chidule cha ntchito otsiriza lalikulu French wolemba anafotokoza m'nkhani ino.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Chimene ndili anauza mu buku "'93" Hugo? Chidule cha mankhwala wapatsidwa pansipa. Komabe, musanayambe izo, muyenera kunena mawu ochepa za mbiri ya kulemba buku la. Chifukwa cha iwo anapita ku zochitika wofunika m'mbiri ya 1793. Komabe, iwo anali kuperekedwa ndi kuganiza wolemba zomwe zinachitika France pa theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi - mosonyeza Franco-Prussian nkhondo ndi Paris kulankhula. Choncho, ntchito yaluso "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu" Viktor Gyugo anafotokoza maganizo ake mu gawo pa zinthu andale amene anapambana kwawo mu zaka 1870-1871.

Kodi chinachitika mu nthawi pamene wolemba kumaliza ake atsopano buku m'mbiri? Pambuyo mapeto a pangano mtendere ndi Prussia zipolowe anayamba zinachititsa kuti zisinthe ndipo zinachititsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa wodzilamulira. Zinatha masiku makumi awiri. Monga tanenera kale, lingaliro la buku "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu" anatuluka ndi wolemba zaka khumi zisanachitike pamwamba. Mwina ndendende chifukwa cha vuto mu dziko, chirengedwe cha chilengedwe lotsatira anachedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Lingaliro la buku, amene poyamba analibe contours bwino, potsiriza anapanga pambuyo kusokonekera ndale komanso a 1870-1872 a.

A mwaluso za nthano zakale

Pankhani gulu chotero monga mabuku za French kuukira boma, poyamba pa zonse, amatchulidwa osati ntchito za French Romanticism mabishopu. Zochitika zimenezi kamodzi analemba dzina lake Aleksandr Dyuma. Iwo anadzipereka ntchito zawo ofufuza ambiri achilendo ndi Russian. Komabe, phindu lalikulu m'mbiri komanso kalembedwe ka buku ndi "'93" Hugo. Chidule cha ntchito - ndithu osati kutengerapo zochitika zofunika ndale ntchito ngati mfundo chiwembu. Komanso wothinikizidwa nkhani za tsoka anthu a m'nkhaniyi. Choncho, pamene buku akuyamba, "'93" Hugo?

Chidule cha nkhaniyi: nkhalango Sodreysky

buku la amamasulidwa pa mapeto a May 1793. Paris battalion, kuchititsa reconnaissance mu Sodreyskom nkhalango, anali wokonzeka ngakhale chowagwera iliyonse. Ndipotu, malo awa courted mbiri yoopsya. Mlembi wotchedwa Sodreysky nkhalango china chilichonse chochititsa mantha m'malo mwa dziko. Chifukwa izo ziri pano kuti miyezi isanu pamaso zotchulidwa mu buku "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu", panali atrocity loyamba la nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Kamodzi m'nkhalango Sodreyskom achimwemwe ndithu mtendere mbalame kusaka. Mogwirizana ndi zochitika za ndale Paris, zinthu zinasintha. Buku "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu" amaonetsera nthawi pamene izi mawanga wowoneka zinachitikadi manhunt nkhanza.

Asilikali ndi markitanka nawo limodzi, anamva Muzisamala kaphokoso mu tchire. Iwo anali okonzeka kuwombera. Komabe, kunapezeka kuti mkazi kubisala mu tchire chiyambi wamba ndi ana ake atatu. Malinga ndi malamulo a nkhondo wosasangalala ankachitika mafunso. Tiyenera kupeza zimene amakhulupirira ndale kutsatira mayi limodzi. Far mafunso onse kuona bwinobwino kuyankha mlendo. Asilikali ankaona kuti mwamuna wake Michel Fleshar - ndicho otchedwa mayi - anafa. kanyumba A komwe ankakhala, unatenthedwa. Chifukwa, mlimi mavuto. Kuyambira pamenepo, ankayenda mwa nkhalango tikufufuza, osati kudziwa momwe kwambiri ngozi imene poyera ndi ana awo.

Atamva nkhani zomvetsa chisoni za anthu osauka mkazi, anga dzina lake battalion Raduba amanena kutengera Mnazareti-Jean, gros-Alain ndi Georgette.

Corvette "Claymore"

Kulemba buku anali yoyamba kuphunzira kwakuya kwa wolemba mbiri ya potsimikizira-chosintha kayendedwe Chouans. Wolemba anaphunzira angapo olemba mbiri. Ndi zochitika zimene zinachitika mu Paris nthawi imene analenga ntchito mbiri kwakhudza nkhani ndi zilembo za atchulidwa lapansi.

Mu buku, adapenyeka ndi maganizo Hugo kunachitika kuyenda. Wolemba modzipereka chifundo ndi Communards anagonjetsedwa, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kukayikira njira kulimbana nawo. Maganizo otsutsana kwa kunachitika kayendedwe anapanga maganizo ndi zochitika, zikupezeka mu buku "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu". Hugo ngwazi - amuna a kanthu. Komabe, iwo ali odzipereka ku malingaliro ndi kupereka moyo wawo chifukwa cha cholinga chapamwamba. Nthawi zina akuvutika chifukwa cha mtengo amenewa ndi okwera kwambiri.

June woyamba kuchokera kugombe la England tidapita frigate, ananamizira ngati ngalawa ogulitsa. Ndipotu, pa "Claymore" ndi kuimitsa zofunika kwambiri. wolemba anafotokoza motere: ". munthu wamtali akale, atavala wamba zovala, koma kukhala zimakhudza Prince" Frigate anaphedwa mu nkhondo ndi squadron French. Mlandu gunner, amene ndi dongosolo la munthu, vyryazhenny zovala yosavuta wamba kenako kuwombera. Otchuka wachikulire anapulumutsidwa ndi royalists kukhala mtsogoleri tsogolo la opanduka Vendee. Komabe, mmodzi wa amuna - Mnyamata wina dzina lake Galmalo - wasankha kubwezera kwa kuphedwa kwa wokalamba gunner munthu. Ndipotu iye anali m'bale wake. Komabe Galmalo nthawi nkukana kuchita kuphedwa.

The Marquis de A Lantenak

Ili ndi dzina la chachinsinsi nkhalamba mozizwitsa anathawa paulendo pa bolodi frigate. Pa dziko, wamva uthenga wonena za kuwonongedwa kwa chipani cha Republican. Lantenak akulamula kuphedwa kwa akaidi onse. Pankhaniyi, izo sizimapanga zosiyana ngakhale akazi awiri. ana atatu, umene Iye anauzidwa, akulamula kubweretsa pamodzi, wopanda dongosolo bwino m'tsogolo. Mbodzi wa akazi, azungu ndi moyo: iye yekha kuwomberedwa mu phewa lapansi.

Mzimu chosintha

Mu Paris, chikhalidwe cha nkhondoyo. Hugo imamveka French likulu imene ngakhale ana akumwetulira alimba mtima. Apa zonse amapuma zisinthe. Mwa alaliki masiku otungira Simurden wansembe. Iye ali oopsa ndi ozizira mutu. Pamene utasintha itayamba, Simurden anakana Udindo ndi kupatulira moyo wake kwa kayendedwe kumasulidwa. Munthu uyu, pafupifupi waweruzidwa Robespierre kenako anakhala ovomerezeka Akatolika mu Vendée.

Mu masiku oyamba a July yekhayo wapaulendo mabasi pafupi gawo, mu imodzi ya alendo a. Za eni odyera ndi munthu uyu amene pambuyo likukhalira kuti wina kuposa Simurdenom amaphunzira za ndewu zikuchitika pafupi. Kulimbana Gauvin ndi Marquis de A Lantenak. Nkhondo sakanakhoza kukhala ngati wamagazi, ngati si kuchita kwa mtsogoleri wa royalists lapansi. Lantenak akuti analamula wa mkazi ndi ana ake akugwira penapake mu nyumbayi. Simurden anatumiza kunkhondo, kumene pafupifupi anaphedwa ndi lupanga, lomwe ndi nkhonya Gauvin. Izi mnyamata - mbadwa ya banja zabwino. Simurden akumudziwa iye kuyambira ndili wamng'ono.

Mantha ndi chifundo

Gauvin anali kamodzi mwana wasukulu Simurdena. Komanso ndi munthu yekhayo amene wazaka zapakati ndi wankhanza amamva chikondi. Ndipo Simurden ndi Gauvin maloto cha kupambana kwa Republic. Komabe, woyamba amakhulupirira kuti kukwaniritsa cholinga angakhoze kokha mantha. The chachiwiri wakonda kutsogoleredwa ndi chifundo. Gauvin Koma ponena za kusintha m'malo Lantenaku kwakukulu. Iye ndi wokonzeka chilichonse anali kuwononga Marquis.

Ana Michelle Fleshar

Lantenak likupita chiwonongeko. Kuti apulumutse moyo wake, iye amagwiritsa ntchito wamba Fleshar ana ukapolo. Koma kuti kulinga kumene Lantenak kubisala kumeneko mobisa kuchoka. Cavaliers amasulidwe mtsogoleri wawo, ndipo ndisanachoke pogona, moto masuti, motero dooming ana imfa. Komabe, pa mphindi yotsiriza Lantenak anamva kulira mayi ake, kubwerera ndi kusunga ukapolo wake wamng'ono.

aphedwe

Gauvin - khalidwe ophatikizapo chilungamo chake ndi chifundo. Ndipo chifukwa amamasula Lantenaka. Republic, malinga Gauvin sayenera sully yekha kupha munthu amene anapita pa nsembe. Pakuti wachiona wa mkulu wachinyamata kuti aphedwe. chiganizo wankhanza safuna ena kuposa Simurden. Koma mwamsanga Gauvin wotaya mutu pomenya guillotine, wansembe kale wodzipha yekha. Chotero zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zoopsa wamaliza Hugo "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu".

kusanthula

Izi ntchito zakale zikusonyeza maganizo otsutsana kwa ulimi m'njira wodziika mawu. Buku linalembedwa pa zochitika za pa Paris kuyanjana sanathe kuyankha mmene ankakhalira ku likulu French mu 1871-1872 motero. Wolemba zotama mtengo wa ulimi kuti inasesa osati kwawo, komanso dziko lonse lapansi. Koma pamene wolemba adakhalabe woona mtima kwa lingaliro chake choyambacho kuti anthu akhoza kusintha kwa bwino kokha chifukwa alibe wa dziko mumtima wa munthu. Osati amangotchula pano mu buku Kutchulira mafano monga Simurden ndi Gowen. Mantha ndi chisoni - izi ndi mbali ya gulu chosintha, mu maganizo a Hugo.

"Makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu": Ndemanga

Mmodzi wa chilengedwe mabuku otchedwa izi nsalu zokha ayi lonse, chimene chimafotokoza zochitika zazikulu za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. Inde, Soviet-nyengo otsutsa anaona buku Hugo kuti anafuna kufufuza, ndicho kulimbana kwa anthu ntchito ya Paris, pokweza za boma ndi kuukira anakwiya pa anthu otchuka a alendo. Ndipotu buku mu funso m'nkhani ino si zolengedwa wamkulu wa prose chakale, komanso ntchito kwambiri maganizo a Hugo.

Zilandiridwenso French wolemba anayamikira namatetule mabuku Russian, Tolstoy ndi Dostoevsky. The ntchito wotchuka kunja France anali buku "Les Miserables". Komabe, mabuku mzimu maganizo a zisinthe, kwambiri, amaona owerenga. buku ili, malinga ndi mafani Viktora Gyugo, ndi ntchito yabwino ya zopeka mbiri za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Translation ku French mu Russian kwa nthawi yoyamba ikuchitika anali m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. Ganizo chosintha, monga mukudziwa, pa nthawi imene maganizo a ophunzira ndi anzeru. Komabe, nkhani imeneyi ndi nthawi zogwirizana. Pambuyo kuposa zaka zana ndi chidwi buku si kuuzimitsa. Pakali pano, kumasulira bwino ku French mu Russian, malinga ndi owerenga ndi otsutsa, limabweretsa Nadezhda Zharkova.

Zingavutike wa zisinthe - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mbiri Russian. Ndipo chifukwa buku lalikulu Viktora Gyugo chotchuka owerenga mu dziko lathu lero.